Question 1

B.F.Skinner found that the highest rates of responding were produced by fixed interval schedules of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

In operant conditioning,a stimulus that is present before the behaviour occurs is a(n)_____________ .

Accepted Answer

A) emitted stimulus 
B) reinforcer 
C) antecedent 
D) elicited stimulus 
A) emitted stimulus 
B) reinforcer 
C) antecedent 
D) elicited stimulus C

Question 3

Differentiate between the essential characteristics of classical conditioning and operant conditioning.Be sure to mention elicited and emitted behaviours in your answer.Using an example of a snow phobia triggered by being buried briefly in the snow as a child,explain how both learning theories can be combined to explain the initial development and maintenance of avoidance behaviours.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning: the organism learns associations between stimuli and focuses on elicited behaviours,which are reflex-like and triggered by the stimuli that precede them.Operant conditions: the organism learns association between behaviour and consequences and focuses on emitted behaviours,which are usually voluntary.At first,being buried (UCS)would automatically trigger fear (UCR)in most kids and because being buried was paired with the snow (CS),the snow now triggers the fear (CR).Assuming that the person avoids the snow,the person's avoidance behaviour is negatively reinforced because avoiding the snow removes the aversive stimulus (fear)and thus serves to strengthen the avoidance behaviour.

Question 4

What challenges has the cognitive perspective on learning provided for the standard behavioural interpretation of learning? In your answer,be sure to discuss the relevance of research on animal insight,cognitive maps,and latent learning.

Accepted Answer

The typical behavioural model of classic

Question 5

Discriminative conditioning is said to occur when a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an already established CS.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Discuss the method and findings of Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiment.What important distinction did this experiment demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

Experiment: kids watched video of model

Question 7

You have just settled down to begin studying for your exam in this course when your roommate decides to turn on some music.At first,the music distracts you from your studying,but after a short time,the music no longer bothers you even though it continues to play.This example most clearly demonstrates the process of:

Accepted Answer

A) extinction. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) habituation. 
A) extinction. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) habituation.

Question 8

An instructor administers exams every 2 weeks throughout the term of her course.As a result,a sizeable percentage of the students in her class study very hard every 2 weeks and do little studying in between.This example is most similar to which partial reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval schedule 
B) fixed ratio schedule 
C) variable interval schedule 
D) variable ratio schedule 
A) fixed interval schedule 
B) fixed ratio schedule 
C) variable interval schedule 
D) variable ratio schedule

Question 9

The term _____________,refers to the fact that many animals come "prewired" to easily learn specific behaviours that are important for their survival.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term _____________,refers to the fact that...

Question 10

When you tell your dog,"Sit," and she does,you almost always give her a small treat.In this example,which of the following would be considered a discriminative stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) the behaviour of sitting 
B) the command "Sit" 
C) the small treat 
D) the association between sitting and the small treat 
A) the behaviour of sitting 
B) the command "Sit" 
C) the small treat 
D) the association between sitting and the small treat

Question 11

Reinforcements can differ in type and in terms of frequency of presentation.Explain the essential differences between primary and secondary reinforcers and between continuous and intermittent reinforcement.Include a brief statement regarding when reinforcement,to work effectively,should be administered.

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers are stimuli like foo

Question 12

A stimulus that is present before a given behaviour has been displayed is a(n)________________.

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcer 
B) antecedent 
C) conditioned response 
D) punishment 
A) reinforcer 
B) antecedent 
C) conditioned response 
D) punishment

Question 13

A patient starts chemotherapy and becomes ill each time after he receives it.After a few weeks of treatment,he develops anticipatory nausea at the mere sight of the waiting room at the hospital.In this instance,the unconditioned stimulus would be considered the __________________.

Accepted Answer

A) chemotherapy 
B) waiting room 
C) nausea induced by the chemotherapy 
D) nausea induced by the waiting room 
A) chemotherapy 
B) waiting room 
C) nausea induced by the chemotherapy 
D) nausea induced by the waiting room

Question 14

Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced.This animal behaviour is indicative of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable interval 
D) variable ratio 
A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable interval 
D) variable ratio

Question 15

In _____________________ a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS.

Accepted Answer

higher-ord

Question 16

Bobby's parents are frustrated because he never cleans his room.In order to modify their son's behaviour,they start reinforcing Bobby with 25 cents,every time he simply throws his clothes into a particular corner instead of all around the room.After some time passes,they only reinforce him if he puts his clothes in the hamper.As this process continues,Bobby's parents keep gradually changing the terms of reinforcement so that Bobby has to do more and more of the tasks required to keep his room clean.After several months of this,Bobby cleans his entire room for the same 25-cent reward.This example best demonstrates the process of:

Accepted Answer

A) extinction. 
B) shaping. 
C) higher-order reinforcement. 
D) latent learning. 
A) extinction. 
B) shaping. 
C) higher-order reinforcement. 
D) latent learning.

Question 17

receives the same 10 trials in which the shock is paired with the light,but they also receive 10 additional random trials in which the light is not followed by a shock.According to the expectancy model of classical conditioning,we would expect the tone to become a conditioned stimulus for fear for the rats:

Accepted Answer

A) only in Group 1. 
B) only in Group 2. 
C) in both Group 1 and Group 2. 
D) in neither Group 1 nor Group 2. 
A) only in Group 1. 
B) only in Group 2. 
C) in both Group 1 and Group 2. 
D) in neither Group 1 nor Group 2.

Question 18

Pavlov observed that when he conditioned dogs to salivate to a particular tone,not only would they salivate to this tone but also to other similar tones.This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) shaping. 
D) stimulus generalization. 
A) negative reinforcement. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) shaping. 
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 19

Which of the following is most difficult to explain using the behavioural perspective of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) avoidance learning 
B) latent learning 
C) negative reinforcement 
D) higher-order learning 
A) avoidance learning 
B) latent learning 
C) negative reinforcement 
D) higher-order learning

Question 20

The goal of exposure therapies is to expose a phobic person to the feared stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus,so that the process of ___________ can occur.

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) discrimination 
C) generalization 
D) extinction 
A) habituation 
B) discrimination 
C) generalization 
D) extinction

B.F.Skinner found that the highest rates of responding were produced by fixed interval schedules of reinforcement.

In operant conditioning,a stimulus that is present before the behaviour occurs is a(n)_____________ .

What challenges has the cognitive perspective on learning provided for the standard behavioural interpretation of learning? In your answer,be sure to discuss the relevance of research on animal insight,cognitive maps,and latent learning.

Discriminative conditioning is said to occur when a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an already established CS.

Discuss the method and findings of Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiment.What important distinction did this experiment demonstrate?

An instructor administers exams every 2 weeks throughout the term of her course.As a result,a sizeable percentage of the students in her class study very hard every 2 weeks and do little studying in between.This example is most similar to which partial reinforcement schedule?

The term _____________,refers to the fact that many animals come "prewired" to easily learn specific behaviours that are important for their survival.

When you tell your dog,"Sit," and she does,you almost always give her a small treat.In this example,which of the following would be considered a discriminative stimulus?

A stimulus that is present before a given behaviour has been displayed is a(n)________________.

A patient starts chemotherapy and becomes ill each time after he receives it.After a few weeks of treatment,he develops anticipatory nausea at the mere sight of the waiting room at the hospital.In this instance,the unconditioned stimulus would be considered the __________________.

Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced.This animal behaviour is indicative of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

In _____________________ a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS.

Pavlov observed that when he conditioned dogs to salivate to a particular tone,not only would they salivate to this tone but also to other similar tones.This phenomenon is known as:

Which of the following is most difficult to explain using the behavioural perspective of learning?

The goal of exposure therapies is to expose a phobic person to the feared stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus,so that the process of ___________ can occur.

Psychology: the Science of Behaviour

Studying Behaviour Scientifically

Biological Foundations of Behaviour

Genes, evolution, and Behaviour

Sensation and Perception

States of Consciousness

Memory

Language and Thinking

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Development Over the Lifespan

Behaviour in a Social Context

Personality

Stress, coping, and Health

Psychological Disorders

Filters

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

B.F.Skinner found that the highest rates of responding were produced by fixed interval schedules of reinforcement.

In operant conditioning,a stimulus that is present before the behaviour occurs is a(n)_____________ .

What challenges has the cognitive perspective on learning provided for the standard behavioural interpretation of learning? In your answer,be sure to discuss the relevance of research on animal insight,cognitive maps,and latent learning.

Discriminative conditioning is said to occur when a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an already established CS.

Discuss the method and findings of Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiment.What important distinction did this experiment demonstrate?

An instructor administers exams every 2 weeks throughout the term of her course.As a result,a sizeable percentage of the students in her class study very hard every 2 weeks and do little studying in between.This example is most similar to which partial reinforcement schedule?

The term _____________,refers to the fact that many animals come "prewired" to easily learn specific behaviours that are important for their survival.

When you tell your dog,"Sit," and she does,you almost always give her a small treat.In this example,which of the following would be considered a discriminative stimulus?

A stimulus that is present before a given behaviour has been displayed is a(n)________________.

A patient starts chemotherapy and becomes ill each time after he receives it.After a few weeks of treatment,he develops anticipatory nausea at the mere sight of the waiting room at the hospital.In this instance,the unconditioned stimulus would be considered the __________________.

Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced.This animal behaviour is indicative of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

In _____________________ a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS.

Pavlov observed that when he conditioned dogs to salivate to a particular tone,not only would they salivate to this tone but also to other similar tones.This phenomenon is known as:

Which of the following is most difficult to explain using the behavioural perspective of learning?

The goal of exposure therapies is to expose a phobic person to the feared stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus,so that the process of ___________ can occur.

Psychology: the Science of Behaviour

Studying Behaviour Scientifically

Biological Foundations of Behaviour

Genes, evolution, and Behaviour

Sensation and Perception

States of Consciousness

Memory

Language and Thinking

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Development Over the Lifespan

Behaviour in a Social Context

Personality

Stress, coping, and Health

Psychological Disorders

Filters