Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Secondary reinforcers and punishers are sometimes called conditioned reinforcers and punishers.

When a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response, then stimulus generalization has occurred.

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following behaviorists is associated with operant conditioning?

What kind of consequence will follow if you can't answer these questions? -Robert, who is not disabled, has paid a large fine for parking in a handicapped space, and no longer does it. The loss of money is a __________.

Graham is a 5-year-old who has a conditioned fear of furry and hairy things. He is fond of a snack of milk and chocolate cookies and associates pleasant feelings with it. Psychologists pair a cat with the snack that Graham enjoys until his fear of the cat goes away. This is an example of ________.

Using reinforcers to change behavior can sometimes create complications. Explain some of the misuses of rewards and reasons why rewards can backfire.

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon hearing the loud noise was the ________.

Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that omitting mental processes from explanations of human learning is essential in maintaining a rigorous scientific approach.

Initially, when John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, showed Little Albert a live white rat. Albert:

To a social-cognitive theorist, the fact that we can learn without being reinforced for any obvious responses shows that we do not learn specific responses but rather ______________.

Based on his observations of cats in puzzle boxes, Thorndike concluded that:

The social-cognitive learning theory accounts for behavior in terms of observable acts and events, without references to mental events.

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the food was placed in the dog's mouth-at the sight of the food dish. The salivation at the sight of the food dish is an example of a(n) ________.

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

Which of the following statements reflects the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

What kind of consequence will follow if you can't answer these questions? -Identify which of the following are commonly used as secondary reinforcers: coins spilling from a slot machine, a winner's blue ribbon, a piece of candy, an A on an exam, frequent-flyer miles.

Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every fifteen minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. It salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response?

A friend asks you to meet her at a new restaurant across town. You have never been to this specific address, but you find your way there anyway because you have experienced __________ learning.

According to Pavlov, learning occurs when: