Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

________ occurs when a parrot that has been trained to peck at a picture of a circle also pecks at a picture of an oval.

A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning is called an unconditioned response.

In each of the following situations, choose the best alternative and give your reason for choosing it. -You want your 2-year-old to ask for water with a word instead of a grunt. Should you give him water when he says "wa-wa" or wait until his pronunciation improves?

Individuals being treated for cancer may develop nausea when they arrive at the place where they have been receiving chemotherapy. In this case, the unconditioned stimulus is ________.

When a response occurs to a previously neutral stimulus, it is called ________.

A discriminative stimulus signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Because of classical conditioning, medical treatment can create unexpected misery or relief from symptoms, for reasons that are entirely unrelated to the treatment itself. Give an example that illustrates this statement.

What kind of consequence will follow if you can't answer these questions? -Brittany nags her father for a cookie; he keeps refusing. Finally, unable to stand the nagging any longer, he hands over the cookie. For him, silence from Brittany is a __________. For Brittany, the cookie is a __________.

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

An analysis of classical conditioning reveals that:

In operant conditioning, reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior is a procedure called ________.

Which of the following is true about the use of extrinsic versus intrinsic rewards?

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon hearing the loud noise was the ________.

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called ________.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Extrinsic rewards are not inherently related to the activity that is being reinforced.

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of a rat, Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. They were studying whether or not _______________ had occurred.

Having one's hair lightly stroked would be a primary reinforcer.

Matt classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played. He notices that Wally does not salivate to a D chord. Wally's lack of a response to the D chord illustrates the phenomenon of ________.

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?