Exam 9: Language and Thought

Melissa is an attractive woman who lives in Ottawa and loves hockey.When asked to predict if it were probable that she was a schoolteacher or a season ticket holder for the Ottawa Senators,most people selected the latter,even though there are more schoolteachers than there are season ticket holders in Ottawa.This is an illustration of:

The prototype theory of categorization states that:

The sentences "The dog chased the cat" and "The cat was chased by the dog" have _____ deep structure and _____ surface structure.

According to _____ psychologists,insights reflect a spontaneous restructuring of a problem.

The nativist view of language development is associated with:

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario II The scenario is based on and presents results consistent with the following study: Bechara,A. ,Damasio,H. ,Tranel,D. ,& Damasio,A.R.(1997).Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy.Science,275(5304),1293-1295.doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293 Bechara and colleagues (1997)studied risky decision making on a gambling task in patients with brain damage in an area critically involved in executive functions such as planning and decision making.They compared this performance with the performance of control participants without brain damage.All participants were given a starting bankroll of $2,000 in facsimile dollars.In the baseline condition,participants chose cards from among four decks.Selecting cards from decks A and B sometimes resulted in a win of $100.Selecting cards from decks C and D sometimes resulted in a win of $50.No losses were incurred in this condition.In the subsequent experimental condition,however,some cards in all decks produced losses.The losses in decks A and B were large and occurred frequently enough to possibly result in bankruptcy.The losses in decks C and D were considerably smaller.Bechara and colleagues measured deck selection and the galvanic skin response (GSR)both prior to (anticipatory)and after (post-outcome)turning over each card. In the baseline condition,all participants in both groups showed a clear preference for decks A and B.Both groups showed small but reliable anticipatory and post-outcome GSRs.In the experimental condition,with continued play,the controls exhibited a clear preference for decks C and D,while the patients continued to play more from decks A and B.Relative to the baseline condition,controls exhibited a much larger anticipatory GSR prior to each decision,whereas the patients' anticipatory GSR was small and similar to that obtained under the baseline condition.The post-outcome GSRs were similar in the two groups and occurred to both wins and losses. Interestingly,the investigator systematically interrupted play during the experimental condition and asked all participants if they had developed a game strategy.With continued play,most of the control participants labelled decks A and B as "the bad decks." Among the patients with brain damage,only half eventually labelled decks A and B as "the bad decks." Remarkably,in both groups,this realization did not affect game play.The minority of the control group who did not express a negative opinion about decks A and B nevertheless tended to avoid those decks.Similarly,the patients who acknowledged that decks C and D were risky nevertheless preferred those decks. -(Scenario II)Bechara and colleagues (1997)studied patients with brain damage in which areas?

Which statement about cultural differences in language use related to colour is TRUE?

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario II The scenario is based on and presents results consistent with the following study: Bechara,A. ,Damasio,H. ,Tranel,D. ,& Damasio,A.R.(1997).Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy.Science,275(5304),1293-1295.doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293 Bechara and colleagues (1997)studied risky decision making on a gambling task in patients with brain damage in an area critically involved in executive functions such as planning and decision making.They compared this performance with the performance of control participants without brain damage.All participants were given a starting bankroll of $2,000 in facsimile dollars.In the baseline condition,participants chose cards from among four decks.Selecting cards from decks A and B sometimes resulted in a win of $100.Selecting cards from decks C and D sometimes resulted in a win of $50.No losses were incurred in this condition.In the subsequent experimental condition,however,some cards in all decks produced losses.The losses in decks A and B were large and occurred frequently enough to possibly result in bankruptcy.The losses in decks C and D were considerably smaller.Bechara and colleagues measured deck selection and the galvanic skin response (GSR)both prior to (anticipatory)and after (post-outcome)turning over each card. In the baseline condition,all participants in both groups showed a clear preference for decks A and B.Both groups showed small but reliable anticipatory and post-outcome GSRs.In the experimental condition,with continued play,the controls exhibited a clear preference for decks C and D,while the patients continued to play more from decks A and B.Relative to the baseline condition,controls exhibited a much larger anticipatory GSR prior to each decision,whereas the patients' anticipatory GSR was small and similar to that obtained under the baseline condition.The post-outcome GSRs were similar in the two groups and occurred to both wins and losses. Interestingly,the investigator systematically interrupted play during the experimental condition and asked all participants if they had developed a game strategy.With continued play,most of the control participants labelled decks A and B as "the bad decks." Among the patients with brain damage,only half eventually labelled decks A and B as "the bad decks." Remarkably,in both groups,this realization did not affect game play.The minority of the control group who did not express a negative opinion about decks A and B nevertheless tended to avoid those decks.Similarly,the patients who acknowledged that decks C and D were risky nevertheless preferred those decks. -(Scenario II)What can be accurately inferred from Scenario II?

Researchers guide and manipulate the hands of chimpanzees into ASL symbols in a process termed:

Which expression is a morpheme?

The Dani,an isolated tribe living in New Guinea,have only two words for colours,roughly corresponding to "light" and "dark." According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis,they should:

Most people can easily recall what a Chihuahua looks like.This ability is BEST predicted by:

Patients with aphasia provide evidence that language processing is:

The SMALLEST meaningful units of language are known as:

When presented with a problem,after analyzing the final goal state,the SECOND step in means-ends analysis is to:

Companies offer cash prizes for problems in need of solution posted on InnoCentive.com.Consistent with the results of Acar and Ende (2016),if you do not have expertise in the specific field most related to the problem posted,your chance of submitting a winning solution is maximized by:

According to prospect theory,when faced with a decision,people first:

Which statement is TRUE about language acquisition in the chimpanzee named Kanzi?

At every stage of language development,humans speak better than they understand what is spoken to them.

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario I The scenario is based on and presents results consistent with the following studies: Snedeker,J. ,Geren,J. ,& Shafto,C.L.(2007).Starting over: International adoption as a natural experiment in language development.Psychological Science,18(1),79-87.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01852.x Snedeker,J. ,Geren,J. ,& Shafto,C.L.(2012).Disentangling the effects of cognitive development and linguistic expertise: A longitudinal study of the acquisition of English in internationally-adopted children.Cognitive Psychology,65(1),39-76.doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.01.004 Language development occurs in orderly stages,beginning with one-word utterances and progressing to two-word utterances,simple sentences containing function morphemes,and the emergence of grammatical rules.Psycholinguists have attempted to determine if language development is a consequence of cognitive development or if it reflects linguistic processes that occur independently of general cognitive development.Studies on the acquisition of a second language in internationally adopted children have provided insight into this research question.In a series of studies,Snedeker and colleagues (2007,2012)studied the acquisition of the English language in adopted preschoolers from China.These children had no exposure to the English language before being adopted by families in the United States. Figure 9.1 -(Scenario I)Figure 9.1 shows the number of verbs,expressed as a percentage of total English vocabulary,between 6 and 24 months of exposure to the English language in internationally adopted preschoolers from China and monolingual infants.Four fabricated sets of data (labelled A-D)are shown.Which data set provides the MOST support for the contention that cognitive factors play a role in language development?