Question 1

The peptide hormone adiponectin,produced in adipose tissue,circulates in the blood and:

Accepted Answer

A) enhances fatty acid synthesis in liver cells. 
B) increases the rate of $\beta$-oxidation of fatty acids in muscle cells. 
C) inhibits glucose uptake and catabolism in muscle and liver cells. 
D) reduces the transport of fatty acids into muscle cells. 
E) stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver cells. 
A) enhances fatty acid synthesis in liver cells. 
B) increases the rate of $\beta$-oxidation of fatty acids in muscle cells. 
C) inhibits glucose uptake and catabolism in muscle and liver cells. 
D) reduces the transport of fatty acids into muscle cells. 
E) stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver cells. B

Question 2

Briefly describe the "lipid burden" hypothesis that explains the development of type 2 diabetes.

Accepted Answer

Excessive caloric intake by obese individuals causes adipocytes to become completely filled with triacyclglycerols,unable to take up and store any additional fatty acids.These lipid-filled adipocytes release signals that attract macrophages that invade the fat tissue and trigger an inflammatory response.The inflammatory response further impairs uptake of fatty acids and leads to even higher levels of free fatty acids in the bloodstream.The excess free fatty acids are taken up by the liver and muscle cells.The fatty acids are then converted to triacylglycerols and stored as lipid droplets.These lipid droplets are toxic to these cells,leading to eventual insulin resistance through a variety of mechanisms.

Question 3

The Cori cycle is:

Accepted Answer

A) the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in skeletal muscle to drive glycogen synthesis. 
B) the interconversion between glycogen and glucose l-phosphate. 
C) the production of lactate from glucose in peripheral tissues with the resynthesis of glucose from lactate in liver. 
D) the synthesis of alanine from pyruvate in skeletal muscle and the synthesis of pyruvate from alanine in liver. 
E) the synthesis of urea in liver and degradation of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia by bacteria in the gut. 
A) the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in skeletal muscle to drive glycogen synthesis. 
B) the interconversion between glycogen and glucose l-phosphate. 
C) the production of lactate from glucose in peripheral tissues with the resynthesis of glucose from lactate in liver. 
D) the synthesis of alanine from pyruvate in skeletal muscle and the synthesis of pyruvate from alanine in liver. 
E) the synthesis of urea in liver and degradation of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia by bacteria in the gut. C

Question 4

Some hormones trigger very rapid responses,whereas for others the response takes much longer to develop.What generalization about the mechanisms of action of these two types of hormones can explain the differences in response times?

Accepted Answer

Fast-acting hormones affect th

Question 5

Describe five possible fates of amino acids arriving in the liver after intestinal uptake.

Accepted Answer

Possible answers include: 
(1)synthesis

Question 6

Describe five possible fates for glucose 6-phosphate in the liver.

Accepted Answer

Possible answers include: 
(1)conversion

Question 7

Name five general classes of hormones and give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

(1) Peptide (e.g., insulin, glucagon);

Question 8

An example of a steroid hormone is:

Accepted Answer

A) epinephrine. 
B) retinoic acid. 
C) testosterone. 
D) thromboxane. 
E) thyroxine. 
A) epinephrine. 
B) retinoic acid. 
C) testosterone. 
D) thromboxane. 
E) thyroxine.

Question 9

Provide some distinguishing characteristics between eicosanoids and hormones such as epinephrine.

Accepted Answer

Eicosanoids are paracrine hormones deriv

Question 10

The tropic hormones (such as thyrotropin,somatotropin,and luteinizing hormone)are produced and released by the:

Accepted Answer

A) anterior pituitary. 
B) hypothalamus. 
C) ovaries. 
D) pancreas. 
E) posterior pituitary. 
A) anterior pituitary. 
B) hypothalamus. 
C) ovaries. 
D) pancreas. 
E) posterior pituitary.

Question 11

Briefly explain the role of phosphocreatine in muscle.

Accepted Answer

During maximal muscle activity,muscle ce

Question 12

The hormone leptin appetite;insulin appetite.

Accepted Answer

A) increases;increases 
B) increases;decreases 
C) decreases;increases 
D) decreases;decreases 
E) has no effect on;has no effect on 
A) increases;increases 
B) increases;decreases 
C) decreases;increases 
D) decreases;decreases 
E) has no effect on;has no effect on

Question 13

A major difference between white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue is that only:

Accepted Answer

A) white adipose tissue stores fatty acids as triacylglycerols. 
B) brown adipose tissue degrades fatty acids via the citric acid cycle. 
C) brown adipose tissue contains thermogenin. 
D) white adipose tissue contains adipocytes. 
E) white adipose tissue responds to hormone signals. 
A) white adipose tissue stores fatty acids as triacylglycerols. 
B) brown adipose tissue degrades fatty acids via the citric acid cycle. 
C) brown adipose tissue contains thermogenin. 
D) white adipose tissue contains adipocytes. 
E) white adipose tissue responds to hormone signals.

Question 14

Epinephrine is an example of a(n)____________ hormone.

Accepted Answer

A) catecholamine 
B) eicosanoid 
C) paracrine 
D) peptide 
E) steroid 
A) catecholamine 
B) eicosanoid 
C) paracrine 
D) peptide 
E) steroid

Question 15

What is leptin? How does it function in the long-term maintenance of body mass?

Accepted Answer

Leptin is a small polypeptide that is pr

Question 16

In its role in the hormonal hierarchy,the hypothalamus produces and releases:

Accepted Answer

A) epinephrine. 
B) insulin. 
C) progesterone. 
D) releasing factors. 
E) thyroxine. 
A) epinephrine. 
B) insulin. 
C) progesterone. 
D) releasing factors. 
E) thyroxine.

Question 17

The normal sequence of action of these components of the hormonal hierarchy is:

Accepted Answer

A) adrenal cortex $\rightarrow$hypothalamus $\rightarrow$ anterior pituitary. 
B) anterior pituitary $\rightarrow$ adrenal cortex $\rightarrow$ hypothalamus. 
C) anterior pituitary $\rightarrow$ hypothalamus $\rightarrow$ adrenal cortex. 
D) hypothalamus $\rightarrow$ adrenal cortex $\rightarrow$ anterior pituitary. 
E) hypothalamus $\rightarrow$ anterior pituitary $\rightarrow$ adrenal cortex. 
A) adrenal cortex $\rightarrow$hypothalamus $\rightarrow$ anterior pituitary. 
B) anterior pituitary $\rightarrow$ adrenal cortex $\rightarrow$ hypothalamus. 
C) anterior pituitary $\rightarrow$ hypothalamus $\rightarrow$ adrenal cortex. 
D) hypothalamus $\rightarrow$ adrenal cortex $\rightarrow$ anterior pituitary. 
E) hypothalamus $\rightarrow$ anterior pituitary $\rightarrow$ adrenal cortex.

Question 18

Provide some distinguishing characteristics between peptide hormones and thyroid hormones.

Accepted Answer

Although both peptide hormones and thyro

Question 19

Which one of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The brain prefers glucose as an energy source,but can use ketone bodies. 
B) Muscle cannot use fatty acids as an energy source. 
C) In a well-fed human,about equal amounts of energy are stored as glycogen and as triacylglycerol. 
D) Fatty acids cannot be used as an energy source in humans because humans lack the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle. 
E) Amino acids are a preferable energy source over fatty acids. 
A) The brain prefers glucose as an energy source,but can use ketone bodies. 
B) Muscle cannot use fatty acids as an energy source. 
C) In a well-fed human,about equal amounts of energy are stored as glycogen and as triacylglycerol. 
D) Fatty acids cannot be used as an energy source in humans because humans lack the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle. 
E) Amino acids are a preferable energy source over fatty acids.

Question 20

Which of the following hormones stimulates appetite?

Accepted Answer

A) Grehlin 
B) Insulin 
C) Adiponectin 
D) Both A and B 
E) Both A and C 
A) Grehlin 
B) Insulin 
C) Adiponectin 
D) Both A and B 
E) Both A and C

Exam 23: Integration and Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Metabolism

The peptide hormone adiponectin,produced in adipose tissue,circulates in the blood and:

Briefly describe the "lipid burden" hypothesis that explains the development of type 2 diabetes.

The Cori cycle is:

Some hormones trigger very rapid responses,whereas for others the response takes much longer to develop.What generalization about the mechanisms of action of these two types of hormones can explain the differences in response times?

Describe five possible fates of amino acids arriving in the liver after intestinal uptake.

Describe five possible fates for glucose 6-phosphate in the liver.

Name five general classes of hormones and give an example of each.

An example of a steroid hormone is:

Provide some distinguishing characteristics between eicosanoids and hormones such as epinephrine.

The tropic hormones (such as thyrotropin,somatotropin,and luteinizing hormone)are produced and released by the:

Briefly explain the role of phosphocreatine in muscle.

The hormone leptin appetite;insulin appetite.

A major difference between white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue is that only:

Epinephrine is an example of a(n)____________ hormone.

What is leptin? How does it function in the long-term maintenance of body mass?

In its role in the hormonal hierarchy,the hypothalamus produces and releases:

The normal sequence of action of these components of the hormonal hierarchy is:

Provide some distinguishing characteristics between peptide hormones and thyroid hormones.

Which one of the following statements is true?

Which of the following hormones stimulates appetite?

The Foundations of Biochemistry

Water

Amino Acids, peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Recombinant Dna Technology

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Principles of Bioenergetics

Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Genes and Chromosomes

Dna Metabolism

Rna Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

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