Question 1

Which of the following action(s) may unintentionally contribute to outbreaks of infectious disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  global travel 
B)  social factors 
C)  disruption of natural environments 
D)  crowding of people in cities 
E)  All of these choices are correct 
A)  global travel 
B)  social factors 
C)  disruption of natural environments 
D)  crowding of people in cities 
E)  All of these choices are correct E

Question 2

Briefly explain the term ecological risk assessment. Identify one environmental problem being addressed by an ecological risk assessment.

Accepted Answer

An ecological risk assessment (ERA) attempts to evaluate ecosystem health by estimating exposure to potential stressors, and how those stressors may negatively affect the ecosystem. The ERA involves hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The effects may occur on a wide scale, from individual plants or animals in a local area to ecological communities across a large region. One problem being addressed by an ecological risk assessment is the cumulative effects of many stressors on the Yellow River delta in China. The delta includes eight distinct ecosystems, including freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats. Some of the stressors to this system include water diversions for irrigation, oil spills, drought and flooding. A recent ERA identified ecosystems under greatest threat from these stressors, assisting managers in prioritizing efforts on reducing ecological risks in the delta.

Question 3

The _________ and __________ were amended in response to the need to test chemicals for their potential to disrupt the endocrine system.

Accepted Answer

A)  Endangered Species Act and Fishery Act 
B)  Food Quality Protection Act and Safe Drinking Water Act 
C)  2002 Conservation Act and 2005 Management Act 
D)  Assessment of Risk Act and Human Protection Act 
E)  Food and Drug Administration Act and Environmental Protection Act 
A)  Endangered Species Act and Fishery Act 
B)  Food Quality Protection Act and Safe Drinking Water Act 
C)  2002 Conservation Act and 2005 Management Act 
D)  Assessment of Risk Act and Human Protection Act 
E)  Food and Drug Administration Act and Environmental Protection Act B

Question 4

All of the following are main factors involved in emergence or reemergence of infectious disease EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  A growing population of elderly people who are more susceptible to infection 
B)  Urbanization, associated with overcrowding and poor sanitation 
C)  The depletion of antibiotics 
D)  Growth in international travel and commerce 
E)  None of these choices is correct 
A)  A growing population of elderly people who are more susceptible to infection 
B)  Urbanization, associated with overcrowding and poor sanitation 
C)  The depletion of antibiotics 
D)  Growth in international travel and commerce 
E)  None of these choices is correct

Question 5

Compare and contrast the following terms: risk assessment and risk management.

Accepted Answer

Risk assessment involves using statistic

Question 6

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  A dose-response curve shows the effect of different doses on a population. 
B)  Doses lower than the threshold level will have no measurable effect on organisms. 
C)  The smaller the LD50, the more toxic the chemical. 
D)  A dose-response curve is a graph illustrating the inverse relationship between LD50 and the acute toxicity of a chemical. 
E)  The threshold level for a dose-response is the minimum dose with a measurable effect. 
A)  A dose-response curve shows the effect of different doses on a population. 
B)  Doses lower than the threshold level will have no measurable effect on organisms. 
C)  The smaller the LD50, the more toxic the chemical. 
D)  A dose-response curve is a graph illustrating the inverse relationship between LD50 and the acute toxicity of a chemical. 
E)  The threshold level for a dose-response is the minimum dose with a measurable effect.

Question 7

A dose that is represented as LD50 is a dose that

Accepted Answer

A)  is administered to 50% of the population. 
B)  causes 50% of a population to exhibit whatever response is under study. 
C)  has a threshold response of 50%. 
D)  kills half of the population of test animals. 
E)  has an acceptable risk level of 50%. 
A)  is administered to 50% of the population. 
B)  causes 50% of a population to exhibit whatever response is under study. 
C)  has a threshold response of 50%. 
D)  kills half of the population of test animals. 
E)  has an acceptable risk level of 50%.

Question 8

If a chemical with a toxicity level of 1 is mixed with a different chemical with a toxicity level of 1, the combined effect of exposure to the mixture is 2. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Chemical mixtures interacting by amplification. 
B)  Chemical mixtures interacting by antagonism. 
C)  Chemical mixtures interacting by squaring. 
D)  Chemical mixtures interacting by synergy. 
E)  Chemical mixtures interacting by additivity. 
A)  Chemical mixtures interacting by amplification. 
B)  Chemical mixtures interacting by antagonism. 
C)  Chemical mixtures interacting by squaring. 
D)  Chemical mixtures interacting by synergy. 
E)  Chemical mixtures interacting by additivity.

Question 9

Compare and contrast bioaccumulation and biological magnification.

Accepted Answer

When a pesticide is not broken down or e

Question 10

Which of the following associations between children, adults, and pesticides is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  children are more susceptible to pesticides because they weigh substantially less than adults. 
B)  lethal doses of pesticides are larger for children than for adults. 
C)  children are more sensitive to pesticides than adults because adults have built up immunity to the pesticide chemicals. 
D)  children have more stringent pesticide regulations to protect their health than do adults. 
E)  pesticides commonly affect development of height and reproductive organs in young children but commonly cause brain cancer and leukemia in adults. 
A)  children are more susceptible to pesticides because they weigh substantially less than adults. 
B)  lethal doses of pesticides are larger for children than for adults. 
C)  children are more sensitive to pesticides than adults because adults have built up immunity to the pesticide chemicals. 
D)  children have more stringent pesticide regulations to protect their health than do adults. 
E)  pesticides commonly affect development of height and reproductive organs in young children but commonly cause brain cancer and leukemia in adults.

Question 11

Cancer potency is:

Accepted Answer

A)  an estimate of the expected increase in cancer associated with a unit increase in exposure to a chemical 
B)  an estimate of the expected increase in cancer associated with a unit decrease in exposure to a chemical 
C)  an estimate of the expected decrease in cancer associated with a unit decrease in exposure to a chemical 
D)  an estimate of the expected decrease in cancer associated with a unit increase in exposure to a chemical 
A)  an estimate of the expected increase in cancer associated with a unit increase in exposure to a chemical 
B)  an estimate of the expected increase in cancer associated with a unit decrease in exposure to a chemical 
C)  an estimate of the expected decrease in cancer associated with a unit decrease in exposure to a chemical 
D)  an estimate of the expected decrease in cancer associated with a unit increase in exposure to a chemical

Question 12

Endocrine disrupters:

Accepted Answer

A)  do not include DDT 
B)  only affect the reproductive capability of females 
C)  affect the reproduction of fishes, birds, reptiles and mammals 
D)  only affect the reproduction of humans 
E)  are still often used in the US 
A)  do not include DDT 
B)  only affect the reproductive capability of females 
C)  affect the reproduction of fishes, birds, reptiles and mammals 
D)  only affect the reproduction of humans 
E)  are still often used in the US

Question 13

Two indicators of human health in a given country are

Accepted Answer

A)  BMI and life expectancy 
B)  mortality rate and BMI 
C)  emerging diseases vs. reemerging diseases 
D)  health care and mortality rate 
E)  infant mortality and life expectancy 
A)  BMI and life expectancy 
B)  mortality rate and BMI 
C)  emerging diseases vs. reemerging diseases 
D)  health care and mortality rate 
E)  infant mortality and life expectancy

Question 14

The large number of children being driven to school rather than walking has led to which of the following:

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased fossil fuel burning by vehicles 
B)  A decrease in the child's exercise 
C)  Reduced interaction of children with their environment 
D)  Increased risk of childhood obesity 
E)  All of these choices are correct 
A)  Increased fossil fuel burning by vehicles 
B)  A decrease in the child's exercise 
C)  Reduced interaction of children with their environment 
D)  Increased risk of childhood obesity 
E)  All of these choices are correct

Question 15

"The solution to pollution is dilution" was a generally accepted pattern of the past. Today virtually all environmental scientists have rejected the dilution paradigm in favor of:

Accepted Answer

A)  the "now you see it, now you don't" paradigm: what you throw away, stays away 
B)  the boomerang paradigm: what you throw away can come back and hurt you 
C)  the chemical paradigm: all chemicals that are thrown away transform naturally into biodegradable elements 
D)  the awareness paradigm: there is no connection between pollution and health to cause concern 
E)  the marine paradigm: what you throw away down the storm drain goes to the ocean, the best receptacle for pollution 
A)  the "now you see it, now you don't" paradigm: what you throw away, stays away 
B)  the boomerang paradigm: what you throw away can come back and hurt you 
C)  the chemical paradigm: all chemicals that are thrown away transform naturally into biodegradable elements 
D)  the awareness paradigm: there is no connection between pollution and health to cause concern 
E)  the marine paradigm: what you throw away down the storm drain goes to the ocean, the best receptacle for pollution

Question 16

Define acute toxicity. How is this different from chronic toxicity?

Accepted Answer

Acute toxicity is the adverse effect tha

Question 17

What is the precautionary principle? Identify one way in which this principle has created international controversy.

Accepted Answer

The precautionary principle is the polic

Question 18

Risk assessment involves all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  financial costs of the predicted risk. 
B)  identification of the hazard. 
C)  dose-response assessment. 
D)  assessment of the exposure. 
E)  characterization of the risk. 
A)  financial costs of the predicted risk. 
B)  identification of the hazard. 
C)  dose-response assessment. 
D)  assessment of the exposure. 
E)  characterization of the risk.

Question 19

All of the following are true of red tides EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  they are caused by certain species of harmful algae that grow in large concentrations 
B)  they frequently cause the water to appear orange red or brown 
C)  they produce toxins that attack the nervous system of some sea life 
D)  observed in association with phases of the moon 
E)  no one knows what triggers them 
A)  they are caused by certain species of harmful algae that grow in large concentrations 
B)  they frequently cause the water to appear orange red or brown 
C)  they produce toxins that attack the nervous system of some sea life 
D)  observed in association with phases of the moon 
E)  no one knows what triggers them

Question 20

Which of the following is an endocrine disrupter?

Accepted Answer

A)  CFCs 
B)  mercury 
C)  ozone 
D)  carbon dioxide 
E)  acid rain 
A)  CFCs 
B)  mercury 
C)  ozone 
D)  carbon dioxide 
E)  acid rain

Exam 7: Human Health and Environmental Toxicology

Which of the following action(s) may unintentionally contribute to outbreaks of infectious disease?

Briefly explain the term ecological risk assessment. Identify one environmental problem being addressed by an ecological risk assessment.

The _________ and __________ were amended in response to the need to test chemicals for their potential to disrupt the endocrine system.

All of the following are main factors involved in emergence or reemergence of infectious disease EXCEPT:

Compare and contrast the following terms: risk assessment and risk management.

Which of the following statements is false?

A dose that is represented as LD50 is a dose that

If a chemical with a toxicity level of 1 is mixed with a different chemical with a toxicity level of 1, the combined effect of exposure to the mixture is 2. This is an example of:

Compare and contrast bioaccumulation and biological magnification.

Which of the following associations between children, adults, and pesticides is correct?

Cancer potency is:

Endocrine disrupters:

Two indicators of human health in a given country are

The large number of children being driven to school rather than walking has led to which of the following:

"The solution to pollution is dilution" was a generally accepted pattern of the past. Today virtually all environmental scientists have rejected the dilution paradigm in favor of:

Define acute toxicity. How is this different from chronic toxicity?

What is the precautionary principle? Identify one way in which this principle has created international controversy.

Risk assessment involves all of the following except:

All of the following are true of red tides EXCEPT:

Which of the following is an endocrine disrupter?

Introducing Environmental Science and Sustainability

Environmental Laws Economic and Ethics

Ecosystems and Energy

Ecosystems and the Physical Environment

Ecosystems and Living Organisms

Major Ecosystems of the World

The Human Population

The Urban World

Energy Consumption

Fossil Fuels

Renewable Energy and Nuclear Power

Water: a Limited Resource

Soil Resources

Mineral Resources

Biological Resources

Land Resources

Food Resources

Air Pollution

Global Climate Change

Water Pollution

Pest Management

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Tomorrows Word

Filters

The _ and __ were amended in response to the need to test chemicals for their potential to disrupt the endocrine system.