Exam 7: Learning

__________ is the process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in future behavior.

When Ivan Pavlov rang a bell until the dogs saw the food sitting in front of them,this was __________ conditioning.

The classic,though somewhat controversial,experiment of little Albert was used to show that __________ can be conditioned in human beings.

Which part of the brain has been found to be most associated with operant conditioning?

Like many performing animals,Shamu,the famous whale,was taught to do her tricks by receiving rewards each time she got closer and closer to the desired goal.This process of using reinforcement to guide an organism toward a specific action is called __________.

If you present the conditioned stimulus after the unconditioned stimulus,you are using __________ conditioning.

Sherelle goes into her 3-month old's room several times a night,even when he is not crying,to make sure that he is still lying in the middle of his crib,that he has not covered his face and mouth with his blanket,and that there is nothing dangerous in the child's immediate environment.Though some might say that Sherelle is worrying too much,this is an example of a learning-based activity called __________.

B.F.Skinner developed his "Skinner box," or an "operant-conditioning chamber," with the belief that human and animal behavior can be analyzed by examining three different parts of each action.Which of the following is the first one of those parts to occur?

Young Rachel is in her second grade class,when the teacher announces a new challenge."Every time you memorize a new poem and recite it before the entire class,you will get a gold star.As soon as you get 20 gold stars,you get to pick a prize out of the prize box!" The new star chart,a beautiful grid on multicolored posterboard,is placed at the front of the class for all to see.Rachel immediately pulls out her reader,and looks for a poem she can memorize.What type of conditioning has Rachel's teacher used to help stimulate a memory-enhancing activity?

A __________ stimulus is a cue signaling that a particular response will be positively reinforced.

The __________ distinction refers to the difference between what a person learns and its application on that particular day.

Human beings are generally prewired to have a dislike of bitter flavors,because evolutionary theory suggests that many naturally growing poisonous substances have an initial bitter flavor.This is an example of taste-__________ learning.

The term 'learning' refers to a permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience.

Of the four types of conditioning discussed in your textbook,which did Ivan Pavlov find to be the least effective at helping dogs make an association between a bell and food?

The current research interest in the link between watching violence on television and video games and aggressive and/or violent behavior in children is an extension of what classic study in observational learning?

Allison has a piercing headache that is really getting in the way of her ability to do anything.She takes two extra-strength pain killers and sits quietly for a half-hour.When that time is up,the pain has significantly reduced,and Allison is able to get some of her chores done.Allison will probably take the pain-killers again the next time she has a headache,and this is due to the effects of:

What is the difference between a fear of a shark and a phobia of a shark?

The law of __________,proposed by Edward Thorndike,states that an organism is likely to repeat a response that produces a desirable outcome and is unlikely to repeat a response that produces an undesirable outcome.

The study of the relationship between psychology and events that affect the nervous and immune systems is called psychoneuroimmunology.

__________ reinforcement is a reward that does not immediately follow an action.