Stage 2 of photosynthesis, sometimes referred to as the dark reactions, involves the reduction of CO2 to produce organic compounds such as sucrose.What cofactor is the electron donor for carbon fixation?

A) H2O B) NADH C) FADH2 D) NADPH A) H2O B) NADH C) FADH2 D) NADPH

Exam 14: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Describe how a standard flashlight battery can convert energy into useful work and explain how this is similar to the energy conversions in the mitochondria.

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Question 1

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A battery contains chemicals that generate negatively charged ions at one pole, and it is able to cause the continuous transfer of electrons along a metal wire if that pole is connected to the other end of the battery.The energy released by the electron-transfer process driven by the battery can be harnessed to do useful work, as when it is used to run an electric motor.Likewise, the energy released by the electron transfers that occur between the protein complexes in the electron-transport chain does useful work when it drives the movement of protons to one side of the membrane, since the resulting proton gradient is then used to generate chemical energy in the form of ATP.

Which of the following statements about the possible fates of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is FALSE?

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Question 2

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Which of the phylogenetic trees in Figure 14-47 is the most accurate? Explain your answer.Note: the mitochondria and chloroplasts are from maize, but they are treated as independent "organisms" for the purposes of this question. (a) (c) (e) (b) (d) Figure 14-47

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Question 3

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Which ratio of NADH to NAD⁺ in solution will generate the largest positive redox potential?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 4

For each of the following sentences, choose one of the options enclosed in square brackets to make a correct statement. An electron bound to a molecule with low affinity for electrons is a [high/low]-energy electron.Transfer of an electron from a molecule with low affinity to one with higher affinity has a [positive/negative] ΔG° and is thus [favorable/unfavorable] under standard conditions.If the reduced form of a redox pair is a strong electron donor with a [high/low] affinity for electrons, it is easily oxidized; the oxidized member of such a redox pair is a [weak/strong] electron acceptor.

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Question 5

Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.If a statement is false, explain why it is false.

Under anaerobic conditions, the ATP synthase can hydrolyze ATP instead of synthesizing it.

True

ATP is moved out of the matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a co-transporter that also brings ADP into the matrix.

False

Brown fat cells make less ATP because they have an inefficient ATP synthase.

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Under anaerobic conditions, the ATP synthase can hydrolyze ATP instead of synthesizing it.

ATP is moved out of the matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a co-transporter that also brings ADP into the matrix.

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Question 6

The overall relationship that links bond-forming reactions to membrane transport processes in the mitochondria is called

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Question 7

In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, -energy electrons are taken from .

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Question 8

Stage 2 of photosynthesis, sometimes referred to as the dark reactions, involves the reduction of CO₂ to produce organic compounds such as sucrose.What cofactor is the electron donor for carbon fixation?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 9

Which of the following statements about "redox potential" is TRUE?

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Question 10

Which component of the electron-transport chain is required to combine the pair of electrons with molecular oxygen?

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Question 11

Mitochondrial structure and the reaction products generated inside the matrix are critical for generating stores of energy.Answer the following questions based on what you know about mitochondrial structure and processes. A.The gradients used to generate ATP are maintained across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Why don't we observe a similar gradient generation across the outer mitochondrial membrane? B.The proton-motive force created by the electrochemical proton gradient is the source of free energy utilized in ATP formation.Describe the two components contributing to the total proton-motive force.

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Question 12

Below is a list of breakthroughs in energy metabolism in living systems.Which is the correct order in which they are thought to have evolved? A)H₂O-splitting enzyme activity B)light-dependent transfer of electrons from H₂S to NADPH C)the consumption of fermentable organic acids D)oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis A)A, C, D, B B)C, A, B, D C)B, C, A, D D)C, B, A, D

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Question 13

The citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH₂, which are then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.The reactions in the citric acid cycle do not utilize oxygen.Yet the citric acid cycle stops almost immediately when O₂ is removed.Explain this observation.

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Question 14

Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.If a statement is false, explain why it is false.

The iron-sulfur centers in NADH dehydrogenase are

True

Ubiquinone can transfer only one electron in each cycle.

False

Ubiquinone is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane as a protein-bound electron carrier molecule.

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The iron-sulfur centers in NADH dehydrogenase are

Ubiquinone can transfer only one electron in each cycle.

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Question 15

The relationship of free-energy change (ΔG) to the concentrations of reactants and products is important because it predicts the direction of spontaneous chemical reactions.Consider, for example, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (P_i).The standard free-energy change (ΔG°) for this reaction is −7.3 kcal/mole.The free-energy change depends on concentrations according to the following equation: ΔG = ΔG° + 1.42 log₁₀ ([ADP] [P_i]/[ATP]) In a resting muscle, the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and P_i are approximately 0.005 M, 0.001 M, and 0.010 M, respectively.At [P_i] = 0.010 M, what will be the ratio of [ATP] to [ADP] at equilibrium?

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Question 16

Some bacteria can live both aerobically and anaerobically.How does the ATP synthase in the plasma membrane of the bacterium help such bacteria to keep functioning in the absence of oxygen?

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Question 17

Which of the following statements describes the phosphorylation event that occurs during the process known as "oxidative phosphorylation"?

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Question 18

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

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Question 19

The relationship of free-energy change (ΔG) to the concentrations of reactants and products is important because it predicts the direction of spontaneous chemical reactions.In the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (P_i), the standard free-energy change (ΔG°) is −7.3 kcal/mole.The free-energy change depends on concentrations according to the following equation: ΔG = ΔG° + 1.42 log₁₀ ([ADP] [P_i]/[ATP]) In a resting muscle, the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and P_i are approximately 0.005 M, 0.001 M, and 0.010 M, respectively.What is the ΔG for ATP synthesis in resting muscle?

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Question 20

Showing 1 - 20 of 72

Describe how a standard flashlight battery can convert energy into useful work and explain how this is similar to the energy conversions in the mitochondria.

Which of the following statements about the possible fates of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is FALSE?

Which of the phylogenetic trees in Figure 14-47 is the most accurate? Explain your answer.Note: the mitochondria and chloroplasts are from maize, but they are treated as independent "organisms" for the purposes of this question. (a) (c) (e) (b) (d) Figure 14-47

Which ratio of NADH to NAD⁺ in solution will generate the largest positive redox potential?

The overall relationship that links bond-forming reactions to membrane transport processes in the mitochondria is called

In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, -energy electrons are taken from .

Stage 2 of photosynthesis, sometimes referred to as the dark reactions, involves the reduction of CO₂ to produce organic compounds such as sucrose.What cofactor is the electron donor for carbon fixation?

Which of the following statements about "redox potential" is TRUE?

Which component of the electron-transport chain is required to combine the pair of electrons with molecular oxygen?

The citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH₂, which are then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.The reactions in the citric acid cycle do not utilize oxygen.Yet the citric acid cycle stops almost immediately when O₂ is removed.Explain this observation.

Some bacteria can live both aerobically and anaerobically.How does the ATP synthase in the plasma membrane of the bacterium help such bacteria to keep functioning in the absence of oxygen?

Which of the following statements describes the phosphorylation event that occurs during the process known as "oxidative phosphorylation"?

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life

Chemical Components of Cells

Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis

Protein Structure and Function

DNA and Chromosomes

DNA Replication and Repair

From DNA to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

How Genes and Genomes Evolve

Analyzing the Structure and Function of Genes

Membrane Structure

Transport Across Cell Membranes

How Cells Obtain Energy From Food

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport

Cell Signaling

Cytoskeleton

The Cell-Division Cycle

Sexual Reproduction and the Power of Genetics

Cell Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer

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Exam 14: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Describe how a standard flashlight battery can convert energy into useful work and explain how this is similar to the energy conversions in the mitochondria.

Which of the following statements about the possible fates of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is FALSE?

Which of the phylogenetic trees in Figure 14-47 is the most accurate? Explain your answer.Note: the mitochondria and chloroplasts are from maize, but they are treated as independent "organisms" for the purposes of this question. (a) (c) (e) (b) (d) Figure 14-47

Which ratio of NADH to NAD+ in solution will generate the largest positive redox potential?

The overall relationship that links bond-forming reactions to membrane transport processes in the mitochondria is called

In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, __________-energy electrons are taken from __________.

Stage 2 of photosynthesis, sometimes referred to as the dark reactions, involves the reduction of CO2 to produce organic compounds such as sucrose.What cofactor is the electron donor for carbon fixation?

Which of the following statements about "redox potential" is TRUE?

Which component of the electron-transport chain is required to combine the pair of electrons with molecular oxygen?

The citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.The reactions in the citric acid cycle do not utilize oxygen.Yet the citric acid cycle stops almost immediately when O2 is removed.Explain this observation.

Some bacteria can live both aerobically and anaerobically.How does the ATP synthase in the plasma membrane of the bacterium help such bacteria to keep functioning in the absence of oxygen?

Which of the following statements describes the phosphorylation event that occurs during the process known as "oxidative phosphorylation"?

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life

Chemical Components of Cells

Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis

Protein Structure and Function

DNA and Chromosomes

DNA Replication and Repair

From DNA to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

How Genes and Genomes Evolve

Analyzing the Structure and Function of Genes

Membrane Structure

Transport Across Cell Membranes

How Cells Obtain Energy From Food

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport

Cell Signaling

Cytoskeleton

The Cell-Division Cycle

Sexual Reproduction and the Power of Genetics

Cell Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Filters

Which ratio of NADH to NAD⁺ in solution will generate the largest positive redox potential?

In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, -energy electrons are taken from .

Stage 2 of photosynthesis, sometimes referred to as the dark reactions, involves the reduction of CO₂ to produce organic compounds such as sucrose.What cofactor is the electron donor for carbon fixation?

The citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH₂, which are then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.The reactions in the citric acid cycle do not utilize oxygen.Yet the citric acid cycle stops almost immediately when O₂ is removed.Explain this observation.