Exam 18: Health,health Care,and Disability

Medicalization may occur on three levels: the conceptual level (use of medical terminology to define the problem),the institutional level (physicians are supervisors of treatment and gatekeepers to applying for benefits),and the interactional level (when physicians treat patients' conditions as medical problems).

The removal of certain behaviors (such as homosexuality)from the list of mental disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association and the deinstitutionalization of mental health patients are examples of medicalization.

After the communist takeover in China,the government attempted to educate their large public regarding health care and to provide for the treatment of illness and disease.One policy was to develop a large number of______________,who had little medical training,but worked under the supervision of trained physicians.

Discuss health in the United States,focusing on areas related to social epidemiology such as age,sex,race/ethnicity,and social class.

As a dependency-producing psychoactive drug,______________is more addictive than______________.

Most deaths in low- and middle-income countries are from______________.

The______________encompasses both local physicians and hospitals as well as global health- related industries,such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies.

Up until recently,the United States was the only developed nation without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens.

Maternal deaths during childbirth in lower-income nations are______________times higher than for those in higher-income countries.

A major health care reform bill was signed into law in 2010,one of the central tenets was the creation of:

______________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians.

Evaluate the impact of stereotypes,prejudice,and discrimination on persons with disabilities.

Recent research tends to suggest that both physical and mental health effects from______________,which is defined as a sudden ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external assistance,are important concerns.

With an emphasis on the sick role,explain the functionalist perspective on health.

Gender roles and gender socialization contribute to the differences in life expectancy because .

In studying health,postmodern theorists focus on the meanings that social actors give their illness or disease and how these affect people's self­concept and relationships with others.Also,we socially construct "health and illness" and how both should be treated.

______________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium.

Marijuana use is associated with______________.

According to the functionalist approach,if society is to function as a stable system,it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society.Consequently,sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society.

Which of the following was NOT a reason eventually leading to the reduction of the number of medical schools at the end of the eighteenth century?