Exam 1: The Beginning: The Science of Human Development

Dr.Clarke wanted to learn whether ice cream preferences change at different stages of development.For her study,she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds,a group of 15-year-olds,and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their ice cream preferences.Dr.Clarke conducted a _____ study.

The life-span perspective takes into account development from:

_____ research reflects cultural and contextual diversity but is also more vulnerable to bias and harder to replicate.

Dorian has a college degree,lives in a nice neighborhood,and earns more than $50,000 a year.This information defines his:

The concept of multi-directional development suggests that gradual change,as when a tortoise grows larger over its 150-year lifespan,is an example of:

After posing a question,a researcher using the scientific method:

Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise without the presence of food provide an example of:

Although Janet's friends do well in school,she is a low-achieving student.Janet and her friends decide to meet once a week to study;soon,Janet's grades start to improve.Within the ecological-systems perspective,the influence of Janet's friends on her school performance illustrates the "_____."

Although they are sisters,Terri and Jerri respond very differently to stressful events.Terri becomes emotionally and physically upset and has a difficult time focusing on what is positive in her life.Jerri,on the other hand,deals with stressful events directly and tends to remain optimistic.These differences illustrate the concept of "_____."

Dr.Kim believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits.Dr.West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits.They are on different sides of the _____ debate.

According to Freud,the _____ stage is the first stage of psychosexual development.

Within the context of Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach,a person's immediate surroundings,such as family or peer group,are part of the microsystem.

According to Freud's psychosexual theory,the _____ stage centers around breast-feeding and weaning.

The genes and expressions of each person prime him or her to respond in a particular way,and responses are plastic.This illustrates the concept of "_____."

The term cohort refers to individuals born in the same geographical region and within the same social class.

Which statement about scientific observation is true?

The boss praises his hourly employees for their good work.The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard.In this example,the reinforcement is:

Empirical evidence is based on:

Freud argued that the goal of a healthy life is to:

The third step in the scientific method involves: