Question 1

Compare and contrast what is meant by probability value and significance level.

Accepted Answer

Probability value is a characteristic of a statistic computed on a sample of participants. Significance level is cut-off level that researchers use to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis or not. In the second step of hypothesis testing, the researcher establishes the significance level. In educational research, this value is typically set at .05. This means that researchers are willing to accept the fact that the sample result would occur only 5% of the time or less. In the third step in hypothesis testing, the researcher analyzes her data and obtains probability values. Probability values represent the probability of the observed result or the statistical analysis or a more extreme value, if the null hypothesis is true. In the fourth step of hypothesis testing, the significance level and probability values are compared. If the significance level is larger than the probability value, the null hypothesis is rejected. If the significance level is smaller than the probability value, the null hypothesis is retained.

Question 2

A range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain probability or chance of including the population parameter is known as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Confidence interval 
B)  Confidence limits 
C)  Confidence range 
D)  Point estimate 
A)  Confidence interval 
B)  Confidence limits 
C)  Confidence range 
D)  Point estimate A

Question 3

When we calculate a single 99% confidence interval, we know that 99% of the time, this interval will capture the true population parameter.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Which of the following is a directional alternative hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  m1=m2 
B)  02 ≠ 02 
C)  m1 > m2 
D)  m1 ≠ m2 
A)  m1=m2 
B)  02 ≠ 02 
C)  m1 > m2 
D)  m1 ≠ m2

Question 5

Most researchers consider an observed significance level of .05 or less to be small enough to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the finding is statistically significant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Nora's results were statistically significant so they must also be practically significant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Power 
B)  Strength 
C)  Direction 
D)  Force 
A)  Power 
B)  Strength 
C)  Direction 
D)  Force

Question 8

A numeric characteristic of a sample is a ______________ whereas a numerical characteristic of a population is a _______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Parameter, Coefficient 
B)  Parameter, Statistic 
C)  Statistic, Parameter 
D)  Statistic, Coefficient 
A)  Parameter, Coefficient 
B)  Parameter, Statistic 
C)  Statistic, Parameter 
D)  Statistic, Coefficient

Question 9

How would you write a nondirectional alternative hypothesis for the following research question: Do education, arts and sciences, and business students have different starting incomes?

Accepted Answer

A)  H0: µGRE-V = 500 
B)  H1: µE ≠ µA&S ≠ µB 
C)  H0: µE = µA&S = µB 
D)  H0: ρXY = 0 
A)  H0: µGRE-V = 500 
B)  H1: µE ≠ µA&S ≠ µB 
C)  H0: µE = µA&S = µB 
D)  H0: ρXY = 0

Question 10

The probability value is an effect size indicator.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A researcher does a study and reports that the statistic she calculated has a p <.05. What does this statement mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Her outcome was very likely assuming the null is true 
B)  The probability of this outcome was high 
C)  The probability of this outcome or one more extreme was .95 
D)  The probability of this outcome or one more extreme is less than .05 if the null hypothesis is true 
A)  Her outcome was very likely assuming the null is true 
B)  The probability of this outcome was high 
C)  The probability of this outcome or one more extreme was .95 
D)  The probability of this outcome or one more extreme is less than .05 if the null hypothesis is true

Question 12

Which of the following is not an effect size indicator?

Accepted Answer

A)  Probability value 
B)  Eta squared 
C)  Omega squared 
D)  Correlation coefficient squared 
A)  Probability value 
B)  Eta squared 
C)  Omega squared 
D)  Correlation coefficient squared

Question 13

Dr. Harris' hypothesis was that students attending an urban school would have higher achievement test scores than children attending suburban or rural schools. This is an example of a nondirectional alternative hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

If a researcher concludes that the confidence interval is 55% plus or minus 5%, then which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The level of confidence is 5% 
B)  The margin of error is 5% 
C)  The margin of error is 10% 
D)  The level of confidence is 10% 
A)  The level of confidence is 5% 
B)  The margin of error is 5% 
C)  The margin of error is 10% 
D)  The level of confidence is 10%

Question 15

The alpha level is set by the researcher rather than being determined by the data.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The alpha level is set by the...

Question 16

If you reject the null hypothesis, which of the following should you avoid?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tentatively accepting the alternative hypothesis 
B)  Claiming that your finding is statistically significant 
C)  Claiming that you have proven the alternative hypothesis to be true 
D)  Making sure that your result also is practically significant 
A)  Tentatively accepting the alternative hypothesis 
B)  Claiming that your finding is statistically significant 
C)  Claiming that you have proven the alternative hypothesis to be true 
D)  Making sure that your result also is practically significant

Question 17

Explain the difference between a sample and a population.

Accepted Answer

A sample is a subset of a population, wh

Question 18

A researcher is interested in doing a study comparing the effectiveness of two different approaches to teaching spelling. One approach is phonics-based, and the other is not. She randomly assigns 30 first grade children to the phonics-based approach and 30 children to the other approach. Her dependent variable is the number of words the children spell correctly on a 100-word spelling test. In order to compare the groups, what inferential test should she use?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chi-square test for contingency tables 
B)  Partial correlation coefficient 
C)  t test for independent groups 
D)  Post hoc analysis of variance 
A)  Chi-square test for contingency tables 
B)  Partial correlation coefficient 
C)  t test for independent groups 
D)  Post hoc analysis of variance

Question 19

Assume that the null hypothesis says a person is "innocent." What is the problem when an innocent person is found guilty?

Accepted Answer

A)  A Type I error was made 
B)  A Type II error was made 
C)  A Type III error was made 
D)  A Type IV error was made 
A)  A Type I error was made 
B)  A Type II error was made 
C)  A Type III error was made 
D)  A Type IV error was made

Question 20

Provide the definition of sampling distribution.

Accepted Answer

A sampling distribution is a statistical

Compare and contrast what is meant by probability value and significance level.

A range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain probability or chance of including the population parameter is known as the:

When we calculate a single 99% confidence interval, we know that 99% of the time, this interval will capture the true population parameter.

Which of the following is a directional alternative hypothesis?

Most researchers consider an observed significance level of .05 or less to be small enough to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the finding is statistically significant.

Nora's results were statistically significant so they must also be practically significant.

The likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is known as:

A numeric characteristic of a sample is a whereas a numerical characteristic of a population is a _.

How would you write a nondirectional alternative hypothesis for the following research question: Do education, arts and sciences, and business students have different starting incomes?

The probability value is an effect size indicator.

A researcher does a study and reports that the statistic she calculated has a p <.05. What does this statement mean?

Which of the following is not an effect size indicator?

Dr. Harris' hypothesis was that students attending an urban school would have higher achievement test scores than children attending suburban or rural schools. This is an example of a nondirectional alternative hypothesis.

If a researcher concludes that the confidence interval is 55% plus or minus 5%, then which of the following is true?

The alpha level is set by the researcher rather than being determined by the data.

If you reject the null hypothesis, which of the following should you avoid?

Explain the difference between a sample and a population.

Assume that the null hypothesis says a person is "innocent." What is the problem when an innocent person is found guilty?

Provide the definition of sampling distribution.

Introduction to Educational Research

Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Action Research for Lifelong Learning

How to Review the Literature and Develop Research Questions

How to Write a Research Proposal

Research Ethics

Standardized Measurement and Assessment

How to Construct a Questionnaire

Methods of Data Collection

Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs

Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs

Nonexperimental Quantitative Research

Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research

Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory

Mixed Research

Descriptive Statistics

Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research

How to Prepare a Research Report and Use Apa Style Guidelines

Filters

Exam 19: Inferential Statistics

Compare and contrast what is meant by probability value and significance level.

A range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain probability or chance of including the population parameter is known as the:

When we calculate a single 99% confidence interval, we know that 99% of the time, this interval will capture the true population parameter.

Which of the following is a directional alternative hypothesis?

Most researchers consider an observed significance level of .05 or less to be small enough to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the finding is statistically significant.

Nora's results were statistically significant so they must also be practically significant.

The likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is known as:

A numeric characteristic of a sample is a ______________ whereas a numerical characteristic of a population is a _______________.

How would you write a nondirectional alternative hypothesis for the following research question: Do education, arts and sciences, and business students have different starting incomes?

The probability value is an effect size indicator.

A researcher does a study and reports that the statistic she calculated has a p <.05. What does this statement mean?

Which of the following is not an effect size indicator?

Dr. Harris' hypothesis was that students attending an urban school would have higher achievement test scores than children attending suburban or rural schools. This is an example of a nondirectional alternative hypothesis.

If a researcher concludes that the confidence interval is 55% plus or minus 5%, then which of the following is true?

The alpha level is set by the researcher rather than being determined by the data.

If you reject the null hypothesis, which of the following should you avoid?

Explain the difference between a sample and a population.

Assume that the null hypothesis says a person is "innocent." What is the problem when an innocent person is found guilty?

Provide the definition of sampling distribution.

Introduction to Educational Research

Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Action Research for Lifelong Learning

How to Review the Literature and Develop Research Questions

How to Write a Research Proposal

Research Ethics

Standardized Measurement and Assessment

How to Construct a Questionnaire

Methods of Data Collection

Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs

Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs

Nonexperimental Quantitative Research

Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research

Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory

Mixed Research

Descriptive Statistics

Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research

How to Prepare a Research Report and Use Apa Style Guidelines

Filters

A numeric characteristic of a sample is a whereas a numerical characteristic of a population is a _.