Question 1

Negative punishment involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  adding; increase 
B)  adding; decrease 
C)  taking away; increase 
D)  taking away; decrease 
A)  adding; increase 
B)  adding; decrease 
C)  taking away; increase 
D)  taking away; decrease D

Question 2

Give one example of negative reinforcement, and explain why it is negative reinforcement. Make clear what behavior is being reinforced in the example.

Accepted Answer

The example must be one that is valid; the explanation must identify the behavior that is being increased and the aversive consequence that is being removed.

Question 3

Positive reinforcement involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  adding; increase 
B)  adding; decrease 
C)  taking away; increase 
D)  taking away; decrease 
A)  adding; increase 
B)  adding; decrease 
C)  taking away; increase 
D)  taking away; decrease A

Question 4

Which part of the brain seems to be especially important for maintaining habitual or automatic S-R associations?

Accepted Answer

A)  the dorsal striatum 
B)  the orbitofrontal cortex 
C)  the sensory cortices 
D)  the ventral tegmental area 
A)  the dorsal striatum 
B)  the orbitofrontal cortex 
C)  the sensory cortices 
D)  the ventral tegmental area

Question 5

Which is the BEST example of extinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  A child is praised every time he raises his hand instead of shouting out the answer 
B)  A young child throws a tantrum when he doesn't get what he wants. The parents decide to ignore the child every time there's a tantrum. 
C)  John feels the need to smoke when he's around smokers, so he stays away from them. 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  A child is praised every time he raises his hand instead of shouting out the answer 
B)  A young child throws a tantrum when he doesn't get what he wants. The parents decide to ignore the child every time there's a tantrum. 
C)  John feels the need to smoke when he's around smokers, so he stays away from them. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

If a pigeon is allowed to peck at the switch in order to receive food whenever it chooses, this is an example of which type of paradigm?

Accepted Answer

A)  learning 
B)  free-operant 
C)  operational conditioning 
D)  discrete trial 
A)  learning 
B)  free-operant 
C)  operational conditioning 
D)  discrete trial

Question 7

Research on addiction to romantic love has shown that:

Accepted Answer

A)  romantic love is essentially just a drive to obtain sex. 
B)  this kind of addiction is very clearly a pathological addiction. 
C)  most people experience clinical depression after romantic rejection. 
D)  viewing pictures of a romantic partner can activate reward centers in the brain. 
A)  romantic love is essentially just a drive to obtain sex. 
B)  this kind of addiction is very clearly a pathological addiction. 
C)  most people experience clinical depression after romantic rejection. 
D)  viewing pictures of a romantic partner can activate reward centers in the brain.

Question 8

In which example would one MOST likely see a steady rate of responding without any noticeable pauses?

Accepted Answer

A)  A charitable organization receives a donation for every 10 phone calls it makes on average. 
B)  A teenager receives an allowance every Saturday. 
C)  A college student gets a call from home every Friday morning. 
D)  A blueberry picker receives $1 each time he fills three boxes. 
A)  A charitable organization receives a donation for every 10 phone calls it makes on average. 
B)  A teenager receives an allowance every Saturday. 
C)  A college student gets a call from home every Friday morning. 
D)  A blueberry picker receives $1 each time he fills three boxes.

Question 9

Describe how one could use shaping to get a child to do his homework.

Accepted Answer

The answer must break the behavior down

Question 10

The distancing approach to fighting an addiction involves:

Accepted Answer

A)  avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response. 
B)  removing the reinforcement for producing the unwanted response. 
C)  increasing the amount of time between the unwanted response and reinforcment. 
D)  rewarding desirable responses instead. 
A)  avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response. 
B)  removing the reinforcement for producing the unwanted response. 
C)  increasing the amount of time between the unwanted response and reinforcment. 
D)  rewarding desirable responses instead.

Question 11

Which statement is TRUE regarding the orbitofrontal cortex?

Accepted Answer

A)  Orbitofrontal neurons respond when the outcome is expected to be pleasant, but not when it is expected to be unpleasant. 
B)  Orbitofrontal neurons respond when the outcome is expected to be unpleasant, but not when it is expected to be pleasant. 
C)  Neurons code the expectation as well as the specific outcome. 
D)  Orbitofrontal neurons code the pleasantness of a stimulus, but not its identity. 
A)  Orbitofrontal neurons respond when the outcome is expected to be pleasant, but not when it is expected to be unpleasant. 
B)  Orbitofrontal neurons respond when the outcome is expected to be unpleasant, but not when it is expected to be pleasant. 
C)  Neurons code the expectation as well as the specific outcome. 
D)  Orbitofrontal neurons code the pleasantness of a stimulus, but not its identity.

Question 12

Six-year-old Timmy was misbehaving in class one morning. Which punishment is likely to be the MOST effective in preventing Timmy from misbehaving again?

Accepted Answer

A)  making Timmy stay after school 
B)  making Timmy sit in the corner 
C)  taking Timmy aside at lunchtime and asking him to stop misbehaving 
D)  giving Timmy a warning, and making the punishment more severe if he misbehaves again 
A)  making Timmy stay after school 
B)  making Timmy sit in the corner 
C)  taking Timmy aside at lunchtime and asking him to stop misbehaving 
D)  giving Timmy a warning, and making the punishment more severe if he misbehaves again

Question 13

In behavioral economics, the _____ refers to the distribution of resources that maximizes the individual's subjective value or satisfaction.

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral economic 
B)  economical distribution 
C)  bliss point 
D)  economical dispersal 
A)  behavioral economic 
B)  economical distribution 
C)  bliss point 
D)  economical dispersal

Question 14

Suppose a mayor who wants to use punishment to decrease crime in the city. Based on the textbook's discussion, how can the mayor make sure the punishment is as effective as possible?

Accepted Answer

(1) Discriminative stimuli-as much as po

Question 15

Hedonic value refers to _____, while motivational value refers to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  how much one wants a reinforcer; how much one likes a reinforcer 
B)  how much one likes a reinforcer; how much one wants a reinforcer 
C)  the strength of a reinforcer; the salience of a stimulus 
D)  the salience of a stimulus; the strength of a reinforcer 
A)  how much one wants a reinforcer; how much one likes a reinforcer 
B)  how much one likes a reinforcer; how much one wants a reinforcer 
C)  the strength of a reinforcer; the salience of a stimulus 
D)  the salience of a stimulus; the strength of a reinforcer

Question 16

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval 
A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval

Question 17

A rat with a dorsal striatum lesion would have trouble learning to:

Accepted Answer

A)  press a bar for a food reward. 
B)  jump over a barrier to escape shock. 
C)  run in an exercise wheel to obtain a drink of water. 
D)  receive food when a red light comes on. 
A)  press a bar for a food reward. 
B)  jump over a barrier to escape shock. 
C)  run in an exercise wheel to obtain a drink of water. 
D)  receive food when a red light comes on.

Question 18

Malcolm's 2-year-old daughter throws a tantrum when she doesn't get what she wants. Malcolm has decided to ignore his daughter whenever she has a tantrum. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  distancing. 
C)  reinforcement of alternative behaviors. 
D)  delayed reinforcement. 
A)  extinction. 
B)  distancing. 
C)  reinforcement of alternative behaviors. 
D)  delayed reinforcement.

Question 19

Children may misbehave in order to get the attention that is associated with being punished. In this example, the attention serves as _____ for misbehavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  negative punishment 
D)  positive punishment 
A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  negative punishment 
D)  positive punishment

Question 20

Interfering with dopamine seems to:

Accepted Answer

A)  impair motor responses but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer. 
B)  reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motor responses. 
C)  reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer. 
D)  reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior. 
A)  impair motor responses but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer. 
B)  reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motor responses. 
C)  reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer. 
D)  reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior.

Negative punishment involves _ an outcome to _ a behavior.

Give one example of negative reinforcement, and explain why it is negative reinforcement. Make clear what behavior is being reinforced in the example.

Positive reinforcement involves _ an outcome to _ a behavior.

Which part of the brain seems to be especially important for maintaining habitual or automatic S-R associations?

Which is the BEST example of extinction?

If a pigeon is allowed to peck at the switch in order to receive food whenever it chooses, this is an example of which type of paradigm?

Research on addiction to romantic love has shown that:

In which example would one MOST likely see a steady rate of responding without any noticeable pauses?

Describe how one could use shaping to get a child to do his homework.

The distancing approach to fighting an addiction involves:

Which statement is TRUE regarding the orbitofrontal cortex?

Six-year-old Timmy was misbehaving in class one morning. Which punishment is likely to be the MOST effective in preventing Timmy from misbehaving again?

In behavioral economics, the _____ refers to the distribution of resources that maximizes the individual's subjective value or satisfaction.

Suppose a mayor who wants to use punishment to decrease crime in the city. Based on the textbook's discussion, how can the mayor make sure the punishment is as effective as possible?

Hedonic value refers to _, while motivational value refers to _.

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

A rat with a dorsal striatum lesion would have trouble learning to:

Malcolm's 2-year-old daughter throws a tantrum when she doesn't get what she wants. Malcolm has decided to ignore his daughter whenever she has a tantrum. This is an example of:

Children may misbehave in order to get the attention that is associated with being punished. In this example, the attention serves as _____ for misbehavior.

Interfering with dopamine seems to:

Fundamental Themes in the Psychology of Learning and Memory

The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory

Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization:

Classical Conditioning:

Generalization, Discrimination Learning, and Concept Formation

Episodic and Semantic Memory:

Skill Memory:

Working Memory and Cognitive Control

Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory

Social Learning and Memory:

Development and Aging:learning and Memory Across the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 5: Operant Conditioning:

Negative punishment involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

Give one example of negative reinforcement, and explain why it is negative reinforcement. Make clear what behavior is being reinforced in the example.

Positive reinforcement involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

Which part of the brain seems to be especially important for maintaining habitual or automatic S-R associations?

Which is the BEST example of extinction?

If a pigeon is allowed to peck at the switch in order to receive food whenever it chooses, this is an example of which type of paradigm?

Research on addiction to romantic love has shown that:

In which example would one MOST likely see a steady rate of responding without any noticeable pauses?

Describe how one could use shaping to get a child to do his homework.

The distancing approach to fighting an addiction involves:

Which statement is TRUE regarding the orbitofrontal cortex?

Six-year-old Timmy was misbehaving in class one morning. Which punishment is likely to be the MOST effective in preventing Timmy from misbehaving again?

In behavioral economics, the _____ refers to the distribution of resources that maximizes the individual's subjective value or satisfaction.

Suppose a mayor who wants to use punishment to decrease crime in the city. Based on the textbook's discussion, how can the mayor make sure the punishment is as effective as possible?

Hedonic value refers to _____, while motivational value refers to _____.

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

A rat with a dorsal striatum lesion would have trouble learning to:

Malcolm's 2-year-old daughter throws a tantrum when she doesn't get what she wants. Malcolm has decided to ignore his daughter whenever she has a tantrum. This is an example of:

Children may misbehave in order to get the attention that is associated with being punished. In this example, the attention serves as _____ for misbehavior.

Interfering with dopamine seems to:

Fundamental Themes in the Psychology of Learning and Memory

The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory

Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization:

Classical Conditioning:

Generalization, Discrimination Learning, and Concept Formation

Episodic and Semantic Memory:

Skill Memory:

Working Memory and Cognitive Control

Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory

Social Learning and Memory:

Development and Aging:learning and Memory Across the Lifespan

Filters

Negative punishment involves _ an outcome to _ a behavior.

Positive reinforcement involves _ an outcome to _ a behavior.

Hedonic value refers to _, while motivational value refers to _.