Question 1

Which of the following molecules is made of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds that connect the 2' OH to the 5' phosphate?

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA only 
B)  DNA only 
C)  both RNA and DNA 
D)  neither RNA nor DNA 
A)  RNA only 
B)  DNA only 
C)  both RNA and DNA 
D)  neither RNA nor DNA

Question 2

Histone acetyltransferases add acetyl groups to lysines, which are positively charged amino acids. How might this affect the association of a nucleosome with DNA?

Accepted Answer

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are en

Question 3

When does sigma factor normally dissociate from RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

A)  after transcription has terminated 
B)  after the process of initiation 
C)  after the addition of nucleosomes 
D)  after the binding of rho 
E)  following the addition of nucleosomes 
A)  after transcription has terminated 
B)  after the process of initiation 
C)  after the addition of nucleosomes 
D)  after the binding of rho 
E)  following the addition of nucleosomes

Question 4

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the termination of transcription?

Accepted Answer

A)  In some organisms, transcription terminates thousands of nucleotides past the coding sequence. 
B)  Transcription typically terminates precisely at the hairpin loop terminator sequence. 
C)  In prokaryotes, transcription terminates as soon as rho has bound to the RNA. 
D)  In yeast, transcription terminates as soon as Rat1 has bound to the RNA. 
A)  In some organisms, transcription terminates thousands of nucleotides past the coding sequence. 
B)  Transcription typically terminates precisely at the hairpin loop terminator sequence. 
C)  In prokaryotes, transcription terminates as soon as rho has bound to the RNA. 
D)  In yeast, transcription terminates as soon as Rat1 has bound to the RNA.

Question 5

In a transcription reaction, two phosphate groups are cleaved from the incoming:

Accepted Answer

A)  deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate. 
B)  deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. 
C)  ribonucleoside diphosphate. 
D)  ribonucleoside triphosphate. 
E)  ribozyme. 
A)  deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate. 
B)  deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. 
C)  ribonucleoside diphosphate. 
D)  ribonucleoside triphosphate. 
E)  ribozyme.

Question 6

If you were asked to isolate total RNA from two unknown samples and then were required to identify if the RNA was from prokaryotes or eukaryotes, what aspects regarding the classes of RNA present would help you distinguish one from the other?

Accepted Answer

To distinguish whether the RNA is from p

Question 7

The following diagram represents a transcription unit.   What would likely happen to transcription of this transcription unit if a certain consensus sequence within region A is removed via deletion?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mutation in region A would result in truncated RNA transcript that is shorter than expected RNA. 
B)  The mutation in region A does not affect the transcription as the transcript is copied only from regions B and C. 
C)  The transcript may get copied in reverse direction as the orientation of region A is important for the direction of the transcription. 
D)  The transcript may not be produced as the consensus sequence within region A may be important for the initiation of the transcription. 
E)  The transcription occurs normally as there are other consensus sequences that would compensate for the loss of one. 
A)  The mutation in region A would result in truncated RNA transcript that is shorter than expected RNA. 
B)  The mutation in region A does not affect the transcription as the transcript is copied only from regions B and C. 
C)  The transcript may get copied in reverse direction as the orientation of region A is important for the direction of the transcription. 
D)  The transcript may not be produced as the consensus sequence within region A may be important for the initiation of the transcription. 
E)  The transcription occurs normally as there are other consensus sequences that would compensate for the loss of one.

Question 8

What are the three different RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes and what types of genes do they transcribe?

Accepted Answer

In eukaryotic cells, there are three dif

Question 9

The TATA-binding protein (TBP) binds to the TATA box sequence in eukaryotic promoters. What is its function in transcriptional initiation?

Accepted Answer

A)  It blocks access of RNA polymerase to the promoter until removed by general transcription factors. 
B)  It is the subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase that is required to recognize promoters. 
C)  It modifies histones so that nucleosomes can be removed from DNA for transcription. 
D)  It bends and partly unwinds DNA at a promoter. 
E)  It creates a phosphodiester bond between the nucleotides. 
A)  It blocks access of RNA polymerase to the promoter until removed by general transcription factors. 
B)  It is the subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase that is required to recognize promoters. 
C)  It modifies histones so that nucleosomes can be removed from DNA for transcription. 
D)  It bends and partly unwinds DNA at a promoter. 
E)  It creates a phosphodiester bond between the nucleotides.

Question 10

Which of the following is a sequence of DNA where transcription is initiated?

Accepted Answer

A)  hairpin loop 
B)  TBP 
C)  initiator 
D)  sigma factor 
E)  promoter 
A)  hairpin loop 
B)  TBP 
C)  initiator 
D)  sigma factor 
E)  promoter

Question 11

Which one of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Eukaryotic transcription involves a core promoter and a regulatory promoter. 
B)  There is no one generic promoter. 
C)  A group of genes is transcribed into a polycistronic RNA. 
D)  Chromatin remodeling is necessary before certain genes are transcribed. 
E)  There are several different types of RNA polymerase. 
A)  Eukaryotic transcription involves a core promoter and a regulatory promoter. 
B)  There is no one generic promoter. 
C)  A group of genes is transcribed into a polycistronic RNA. 
D)  Chromatin remodeling is necessary before certain genes are transcribed. 
E)  There are several different types of RNA polymerase.

Question 12

The following diagram represents the transcription unit and corresponding RNA transcripts as "Christmas-tree-like" structures captured in the electron micrograph.  
- Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the reason as to why the transcription unit looks like a "Christmas tree" with different length of tree branches along the DNA "tree trunk"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Depending on where the transcription begins on the DNA template, different lengths of transcripts get generated. 
B)  Each position on the DNA dictates the specific length of the RNA transcript generated from that particular position. 
C)  The transcript randomly grows from the DNA without any particular reason. 
D)  A single DNA can be transcribed many times continuously, and the RNA transcript gets longer as the transcription apparatus moves down the DNA. 
E)  There is no known reason for the transcription unit to assume the "Christmas-tree-like" shape. 
A)  Depending on where the transcription begins on the DNA template, different lengths of transcripts get generated. 
B)  Each position on the DNA dictates the specific length of the RNA transcript generated from that particular position. 
C)  The transcript randomly grows from the DNA without any particular reason. 
D)  A single DNA can be transcribed many times continuously, and the RNA transcript gets longer as the transcription apparatus moves down the DNA. 
E)  There is no known reason for the transcription unit to assume the "Christmas-tree-like" shape.

Question 13

The discovery of ribozymes led to the theory that the evolution of life on Earth began with an "RNA world." Describe how the current cellular roles of RNA support this theory.

Accepted Answer

The discovery of ribozymes, which are RN

Question 14

If the sequence of an RNA molecule is 5ʹ-GGCAUCGACG-3ʹ, what is the sequence of the nontemplate strand of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  5ʹ-GGCATCGACG-3ʹ 
B)  3ʹ-GGCATCGACG-5ʹ 
C)  5ʹ-CCGTAGCTGC-3ʹ 
D)  3ʹ-CCGTAGCTGC-5ʹ 
E)  3ʹ-CGTCGATGCC-5ʹ 
A)  5ʹ-GGCATCGACG-3ʹ 
B)  3ʹ-GGCATCGACG-5ʹ 
C)  5ʹ-CCGTAGCTGC-3ʹ 
D)  3ʹ-CCGTAGCTGC-5ʹ 
E)  3ʹ-CGTCGATGCC-5ʹ

Question 15

In prokaryotes, rho-independent transcription termination depends on a secondary structure formed in:

Accepted Answer

A)  the RNA polymerase that is transcribing the gene. 
B)  the DNA template. 
C)  the RNA that is being transcribed. 
D)  a protein factor that binds to RNA polymerase. 
E)  a protein factor that binds to the RNA that is being transcribed. 
A)  the RNA polymerase that is transcribing the gene. 
B)  the DNA template. 
C)  the RNA that is being transcribed. 
D)  a protein factor that binds to RNA polymerase. 
E)  a protein factor that binds to the RNA that is being transcribed.

Question 16

What would be the consequence of a mutation in the gene that encodes sigma factor for bacterial transcription?

Accepted Answer

A)  The initiation of transcription may begin at random points of the DNA template. 
B)  The RNA polymerase may not be released from the DNA template. 
C)  Transcription may be delayed indefinitely, which may kill the cell. 
D)  The RNA transcript may not be able to dissociate from the DNA template. 
E)  The transcription may end prematurely, resulting in shorter mRNA transcript. 
A)  The initiation of transcription may begin at random points of the DNA template. 
B)  The RNA polymerase may not be released from the DNA template. 
C)  Transcription may be delayed indefinitely, which may kill the cell. 
D)  The RNA transcript may not be able to dissociate from the DNA template. 
E)  The transcription may end prematurely, resulting in shorter mRNA transcript.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both DNA and RNA are synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction. 
B)  During RNA synthesis, the DNA template strand is read in a 3' to 5'direction. 
C)  During RNA synthesis, new nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule. 
D)  RNA polymerase has 5' to 3' polymerase activity. 
E)  RNA molecules have the same 5' to 3'orientation as the DNA template strands to which they are complementary. 
A)  Both DNA and RNA are synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction. 
B)  During RNA synthesis, the DNA template strand is read in a 3' to 5'direction. 
C)  During RNA synthesis, new nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule. 
D)  RNA polymerase has 5' to 3' polymerase activity. 
E)  RNA molecules have the same 5' to 3'orientation as the DNA template strands to which they are complementary.

Question 18

Two sequences of a prokaryotic promoter are shown below. Sequence 1 is the wild-type sequence, and sequence 2 is a mutant sequence (mutation shown in bold) that results in increased transcription of the gene. Explain why sequence 2 shows this phenotype. Sequence 1$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad$Sequence 2
$- 10$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad$$- 10$
...CGAATAATGAA... $\quad\quad$ ...CGTATAATGAA...

Accepted Answer

The mutation in sequence 2 changes the n

Question 19

Which of the following molecules is synthesized using triphosphate nucleotides as a substrate for a polymerase enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds?

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA only 
B)  DNA only 
C)  both RNA and DNA 
D)  neither RNA nor DNA 
A)  RNA only 
B)  DNA only 
C)  both RNA and DNA 
D)  neither RNA nor DNA

Question 20

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding TFIID?

Accepted Answer

A)  It contains a TATA-binding protein. 
B)  It aids in initiation of transcription. 
C)  It binds to the core promoter. 
D)  It binds to the TATA box. 
E)  It is a transcriptional activator protein. 
A)  It contains a TATA-binding protein. 
B)  It aids in initiation of transcription. 
C)  It binds to the core promoter. 
D)  It binds to the TATA box. 
E)  It is a transcriptional activator protein.

Exam 13: Transcription

Which of the following molecules is made of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds that connect the 2' OH to the 5' phosphate?

Histone acetyltransferases add acetyl groups to lysines, which are positively charged amino acids. How might this affect the association of a nucleosome with DNA?

When does sigma factor normally dissociate from RNA polymerase?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the termination of transcription?

In a transcription reaction, two phosphate groups are cleaved from the incoming:

If you were asked to isolate total RNA from two unknown samples and then were required to identify if the RNA was from prokaryotes or eukaryotes, what aspects regarding the classes of RNA present would help you distinguish one from the other?

The following diagram represents a transcription unit. What would likely happen to transcription of this transcription unit if a certain consensus sequence within region A is removed via deletion?

What are the three different RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes and what types of genes do they transcribe?

The TATA-binding protein (TBP) binds to the TATA box sequence in eukaryotic promoters. What is its function in transcriptional initiation?

Which of the following is a sequence of DNA where transcription is initiated?

Which one of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription is NOT true?

The discovery of ribozymes led to the theory that the evolution of life on Earth began with an "RNA world." Describe how the current cellular roles of RNA support this theory.

If the sequence of an RNA molecule is 5ʹ-GGCAUCGACG-3ʹ, what is the sequence of the nontemplate strand of DNA?

In prokaryotes, rho-independent transcription termination depends on a secondary structure formed in:

What would be the consequence of a mutation in the gene that encodes sigma factor for bacterial transcription?

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Which of the following molecules is synthesized using triphosphate nucleotides as a substrate for a polymerase enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds?

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding TFIID?

Introduction to Genetics

Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction

Basic Principles of Heredity

Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics

Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles

Pedigree Analysis, Applications, and Genetic Testing

Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping

Chromosome Variation

Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems

DNA: the Chemical Nature of the Gene

Chromosome Structure and Organelle Dna

DNA Replication and Recombination

Rna Molecules and Rna Processing

The Genetic Code and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Gene Mutations and Dna Repair

Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology

Genomics and Proteomics

Epigenetics

Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics

Cancer Genetics

Quantitative Genetics

Population Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

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