Question 1

Which of the following small RNA types is unique to prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  siRNA 
B)  crRNA 
C)  miRNA 
D)  piRNA 
E)  lncRNA 
A)  siRNA 
B)  crRNA 
C)  miRNA 
D)  piRNA 
E)  lncRNA B

Question 2

Which of the following statements about bacterial mRNA transcripts is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unlike eukaryotes, bacterial mRNA transcripts do not typically contain untranslated regions. 
B)  The Shine-Dalgarno sequence associates with an RNA component in the small subunit of ribosomes. 
C)  Transcription and translation take place sequentially in bacterial cells. 
D)  Most of bacterial genes contain a large number of introns and small number of exons. 
E)  The 5' end and 3' end of mRNA transcripts are modified in bacteria. 
A)  Unlike eukaryotes, bacterial mRNA transcripts do not typically contain untranslated regions. 
B)  The Shine-Dalgarno sequence associates with an RNA component in the small subunit of ribosomes. 
C)  Transcription and translation take place sequentially in bacterial cells. 
D)  Most of bacterial genes contain a large number of introns and small number of exons. 
E)  The 5' end and 3' end of mRNA transcripts are modified in bacteria. B

Question 3

A scientist is studying a gene known as the ABC gene in bacteria. Into a bacterial cell, she inserts an miRNA that is complementary to a portion of the ABC mRNA found in the cell. What result would you predict?

Accepted Answer

A)  There will be an increase in the amount of ABC protein made. 
B)  There will be a decrease in the amount of ABC protein made. 
C)  There will be an increase in the transcription of the ABC gene. 
D)  There will be a decrease in the transcription of the ABC gene. 
E)  No change will result from the insertion of the miRNA. 
A)  There will be an increase in the amount of ABC protein made. 
B)  There will be a decrease in the amount of ABC protein made. 
C)  There will be an increase in the transcription of the ABC gene. 
D)  There will be a decrease in the transcription of the ABC gene. 
E)  No change will result from the insertion of the miRNA. E

Question 4

The human gene encoding calcitonin contains six exons and five introns and is located on chromosome 11. The pre-mRNA transcript from this gene can generate either calcitonin or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in a tissue-specific manner. Calcitonin produced from the thyroid gland is 32 amino acids long and functions to regulate the calcium while CGRP, which contains 37 amino acids, is produced by the brain cells and involved in transmission of pain. Which of the following processes makes production of two functionally and structurally different proteins from the same gene possible?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-spicing introns 
B)  differential transcription 
C)  alternative replication 
D)  5' capping and polyadenylation 
E)  alternative RNA processing 
A)  self-spicing introns 
B)  differential transcription 
C)  alternative replication 
D)  5' capping and polyadenylation 
E)  alternative RNA processing

Question 5

Which of the following intron types is present only in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  nuclear pre-mRNA 
B)  group I intron 
C)  group II intron 
D)  tRNA 
E)  group III intron 
A)  nuclear pre-mRNA 
B)  group I intron 
C)  group II intron 
D)  tRNA 
E)  group III intron

Question 6

Draw the tRNA cloverleaf secondary structure, labeling the various loops and stems. Indicate the functions of the acceptor stem and the anticodon. How are modified bases produced in tRNAs?

Accepted Answer

The tRNA cloverleaf secondary structure

Question 7

When studying a plant's protein production, a scientist found two different proteins. The first one contained amino acids from exons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, while the second one only contained amino acids from exons from 1, 2, and 3. Which of the following is MOST likely responsible for this difference?

Accepted Answer

A)  a mutation in the gene that encodes an miRNA 
B)  posttranslational modification 
C)  RNA editing 
D)  alternative RNA processing 
E)  a mutation in the gene that encodes a snoRNA 
A)  a mutation in the gene that encodes an miRNA 
B)  posttranslational modification 
C)  RNA editing 
D)  alternative RNA processing 
E)  a mutation in the gene that encodes a snoRNA

Question 8

A scientist is studying a gene known as the XYZ gene in eukaryotes. Into a eukaryotic cell, she inserts an miRNA that is complementary to a portion of the XYZ mRNA found in the cell. What result would you predict?

Accepted Answer

A)  There will be an increase in the amount of XYZ protein made. 
B)  There will be a decrease in the amount of XYZ protein made. 
C)  There will be an increase in the transcription of the XYZ gene. 
D)  There will be a decrease in the transcription of the XYZ gene. 
E)  No change will result from the insertion of the miRNA. 
A)  There will be an increase in the amount of XYZ protein made. 
B)  There will be a decrease in the amount of XYZ protein made. 
C)  There will be an increase in the transcription of the XYZ gene. 
D)  There will be a decrease in the transcription of the XYZ gene. 
E)  No change will result from the insertion of the miRNA.

Question 9

Which of the following phenomena is NOT affected by the presence of alternative splicing?

Accepted Answer

A)  speciation 
B)  development 
C)  organismal complexity 
D)  tissue specificity 
E)  RNA interference 
A)  speciation 
B)  development 
C)  organismal complexity 
D)  tissue specificity 
E)  RNA interference

Question 10

Suppose an organism ingests a drug that disassembles its spliceosomes, rendering them nonfunctional. Which of the following would be seen MOST immediately in this organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  All translation would stop. 
B)  tRNA bases would no longer be modified into rare bases. 
C)  Introns would not be removed from the pre-mRNA. 
D)  mRNA would not be able to bind the 5ʹ cap. 
E)  rRNA would no longer be appropriately processed. 
A)  All translation would stop. 
B)  tRNA bases would no longer be modified into rare bases. 
C)  Introns would not be removed from the pre-mRNA. 
D)  mRNA would not be able to bind the 5ʹ cap. 
E)  rRNA would no longer be appropriately processed.

Question 11

Describe the evidence that suggested that RNA was the carrier of genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome.

Accepted Answer

The evidence that suggested RNA was the

Question 12

Which of the following processes does NOT support the observation that the amino acid sequence of a protein may not be the same as that encoded by its gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA editing 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  multiple 3' cleavage sites 
D)  5' capping 
E)  errors that occurred during transcription 
A)  RNA editing 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  multiple 3' cleavage sites 
D)  5' capping 
E)  errors that occurred during transcription

Question 13

The 5' and 3'untranslated regions (UTRs) of processed mRNA molecules are derived from:

Accepted Answer

A)  exons. 
B)  introns. 
C)  promoters. 
D)  terminators. 
E)  the protein-coding region. 
A)  exons. 
B)  introns. 
C)  promoters. 
D)  terminators. 
E)  the protein-coding region.

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding gene structure is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide can be precisely predicted by the nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes it. 
B)  The number of introns found in organisms is species specific. 
C)  The number of exons and introns generally correlates to the complexity of the organisms. 
D)  Intron cleavage and exon splicing are both mediated exclusively by protein enzymes. 
E)  The number of exons is always less than the number of introns in a gene. 
A)  The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide can be precisely predicted by the nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes it. 
B)  The number of introns found in organisms is species specific. 
C)  The number of exons and introns generally correlates to the complexity of the organisms. 
D)  Intron cleavage and exon splicing are both mediated exclusively by protein enzymes. 
E)  The number of exons is always less than the number of introns in a gene.

Question 15

Which of the following statements BEST explains why only pre-mRNA receives a 5'cap?

Accepted Answer

A)  The enzyme that initiates the capping step is known to associate with RNA polymerase II, which generates pre-mRNAs. 
B)  Only pre-mRNAs contain proper sequences for the cap to be added on. 
C)  The tail of the pre-mRNA can recruit the right combination of enzymes for capping. 
D)  Nuclear pore complexes only recognize pre-mRNAs and allow them out to the cytoplasm for the capping process to begin. 
E)  rRNA and tRNAs do not exit the nucleus to receive the cap via enzymes in the cytoplasm. 
A)  The enzyme that initiates the capping step is known to associate with RNA polymerase II, which generates pre-mRNAs. 
B)  Only pre-mRNAs contain proper sequences for the cap to be added on. 
C)  The tail of the pre-mRNA can recruit the right combination of enzymes for capping. 
D)  Nuclear pore complexes only recognize pre-mRNAs and allow them out to the cytoplasm for the capping process to begin. 
E)  rRNA and tRNAs do not exit the nucleus to receive the cap via enzymes in the cytoplasm.

Question 16

A drug that destroyed small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) would inhibit which process?

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA splicing of pre-mRNA 
B)  translation 
C)  assembly of the nucleosome 
D)  replication 
E)  transcription 
A)  RNA splicing of pre-mRNA 
B)  translation 
C)  assembly of the nucleosome 
D)  replication 
E)  transcription

Question 17

How many introns are present on a gene that consists of four exons?

Accepted Answer

A)  two 
B)  three 
C)  four 
D)  five 
E)  The number cannot be determined from the information provided. 
A)  two 
B)  three 
C)  four 
D)  five 
E)  The number cannot be determined from the information provided.

Question 18

Guide RNAs are needed in:

Accepted Answer

A)  transcription. 
B)  translation. 
C)  RNA interference. 
D)  RNA editing. 
E)  RNA splicing. 
A)  transcription. 
B)  translation. 
C)  RNA interference. 
D)  RNA editing. 
E)  RNA splicing.

Question 19

What is a pulse-chase experiment? Explain how this technique can be used to follow the products of a short-term event.

Accepted Answer

A pulse-chase experiment is a technique

Question 20

The information needed during RNA editing comes MOST directly from:

Accepted Answer

A)  pre-mRNA. 
B)  mRNA. 
C)  rRNA. 
D)  tRNA. 
E)  guide RNA. 
A)  pre-mRNA. 
B)  mRNA. 
C)  rRNA. 
D)  tRNA. 
E)  guide RNA.

Exam 14: Rna Molecules and Rna Processing

Which of the following small RNA types is unique to prokaryotes?

Which of the following statements about bacterial mRNA transcripts is TRUE?

A scientist is studying a gene known as the ABC gene in bacteria. Into a bacterial cell, she inserts an miRNA that is complementary to a portion of the ABC mRNA found in the cell. What result would you predict?

Which of the following intron types is present only in eukaryotes?

Draw the tRNA cloverleaf secondary structure, labeling the various loops and stems. Indicate the functions of the acceptor stem and the anticodon. How are modified bases produced in tRNAs?

A scientist is studying a gene known as the XYZ gene in eukaryotes. Into a eukaryotic cell, she inserts an miRNA that is complementary to a portion of the XYZ mRNA found in the cell. What result would you predict?

Which of the following phenomena is NOT affected by the presence of alternative splicing?

Suppose an organism ingests a drug that disassembles its spliceosomes, rendering them nonfunctional. Which of the following would be seen MOST immediately in this organism?

Describe the evidence that suggested that RNA was the carrier of genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome.

Which of the following processes does NOT support the observation that the amino acid sequence of a protein may not be the same as that encoded by its gene?

The 5' and 3'untranslated regions (UTRs) of processed mRNA molecules are derived from:

Which of the following statements regarding gene structure is TRUE?

Which of the following statements BEST explains why only pre-mRNA receives a 5'cap?

A drug that destroyed small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) would inhibit which process?

How many introns are present on a gene that consists of four exons?

Guide RNAs are needed in:

What is a pulse-chase experiment? Explain how this technique can be used to follow the products of a short-term event.

The information needed during RNA editing comes MOST directly from:

Introduction to Genetics

Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction

Basic Principles of Heredity

Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics

Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles

Pedigree Analysis, Applications, and Genetic Testing

Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping

Chromosome Variation

Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems

DNA: the Chemical Nature of the Gene

Chromosome Structure and Organelle Dna

DNA Replication and Recombination

Transcription

The Genetic Code and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Gene Mutations and Dna Repair

Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology

Genomics and Proteomics

Epigenetics

Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics

Cancer Genetics

Quantitative Genetics

Population Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

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