Exam 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Debra is very active. She loves to tumble and show off. She also loves races and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of:

Jared, a four-year-old, is talking continually as he puts wooden shapes together to make a castle, describing the colors and how the shapes fit together. This form of self-talk is used for self-regulation, keeping himself focused on his task. Developmentalists call this:

Briefly describe the changes in understanding that lead to the development of a theory of mind.

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means:

The finding that elementary school children perform better on memory-span tasks than preschool children is likely due to improvements in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

Research has shown that the zone of proximal development is most effective in children's learning and development when:

Garrett practiced printing the alphabet before he started school. Once there, he found out the teacher wanted him to make some of the letters differently from what he had practiced. When Garrett starts to make the letter the old way, catches himself, and switches to the new way, he is demonstrating:

Describe two criticisms of the Montessori approach to early education.

Fred and Wayne are four-year-olds and friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that these activities will:

Which of the following scenarios BEST represents Lev Vygotsky's view of mental and behavioral development?

Sustained attention or vigilance increases the most during:

Alan, who is 30 months old, watched his older brother search for a particular book without success. Alan went over to his brother, patted his shoulder, and said, "Feel bad?" This indicates that he:

Describe the process of myelination and give examples to show how it varies in timing of completion across parts of the brain

In early childhood, executive function is involved in all of the following EXCEPT:

The substage of preoperational thought in which the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

The focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

In Central European countries such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in exercises such as stop-and-go games that require students to listen for a specific signal, such as a specific number of drumbeats designed to improve their _____.

With regard to perception, the youngest age at which a child recognizes that another person will see what is in front of his or her own eyes instead of what is in front of the child's eyes is:

In a study of poverty and brain development, researchers found that children from the poorest homes had significant maturational lags in their _____ and ____ lobes, which were linked to a lower level of school readiness.

All of the following have been linked to improved understanding of a theory of mind EXCEPT: