Exam 6: Learning

Just as it does in classical conditioning,_____ plays a key role in operant conditioning.

While observing rats in a maze,Patrick realizes that the rats are able to find their way to the end of the maze even though they are not rewarded at any point during the experiment.This type of learning can best be defined as _____.

John,a six-year-old boy,loves dogs.However,after being bitten by one,he starts to fear dogs.Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

Ronald was the subject of an experiment for alcoholics.Every time Ronald had a drink,it was mixed with a nausea-inducing agent,which made him sick.After experiencing this pattern for several weeks,Ronald started to dislike alcohol immensely.He did not drink for seven months.However,one day as he was walking past a new bar,Ronald experienced an overwhelming desire to drink.In this scenario,Ronald's sudden desire to drink best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

When Jenna completes a project,her parents give her a gift certificate,which she can use at her favorite store.In the context of operant conditioning,the gift certificate is an example of a primary reinforcer.

Manny has been unable to sleep for the past one week.His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night.The next morning,Manny is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before.In this scenario,Manny's response to the vitamin can be attributed to _____.

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning is a learning process in which:

_____ in classical conditioning means that the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time,but it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

Which of the following is true of learning through operant conditioning?

Andrea,an avid golfer,imitates a professional golfer's swing after watching him play golf on television.Andrea's act of imitation represents the _____ element of observational learning.

Which of the following is common to positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Hitchhikers are unable to predict when they will get a ride and when they will not.They are most likely functioning on a _____ schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning.

Grayson's dog salivates whenever he hears the refrigerator door open because he is accustomed to receiving food each time anyone opens it.Grayson tries an experiment with his dog.Over the next few days,Grayson does not give his dog any food when he opens the refrigerator door,even though he knows the dog expects it.As a result,the dog stops salivating when the refrigerator door is opened.Grayson's dog's behavior best illustrates _____ in classical conditioning.

Little Phil received a shot from Nurse Wanda the last time he was at the doctor's clinic.When he visits the same clinic,he begins to cry when Nurse Wanda enters the waiting room and calls his name.Provide a rationale for Phil's behavior based on the principles of classical conditioning.

In operant conditioning,_____ means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

In the context of drug habituation,drug users who try to prevent habituation by varying the physical location of where they take the drug are at a greater risk of dying from drug overdose.

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

David,a sales representative,earns an extra $1000 every time he is able to sell $10,000 worth of merchandise in a week.In the context of operant conditioning,this bonus acts as a(n)_____ for David.