Question 1

Which one of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between comprehension monitoring and academic achievement?

Accepted Answer

A) High achievers automatically know whether they understand something, so they don't need to monitor their comprehension. 
B) High achievers are more likely to monitor their comprehension of class material than low achievers. 
C) Low achievers are more likely to ask their teacher for assistance when they don't understand something. 
D) Low achievers are more likely to be worried about their grades, so they monitor their comprehension frequently. 
A) High achievers automatically know whether they understand something, so they don't need to monitor their comprehension. 
B) High achievers are more likely to monitor their comprehension of class material than low achievers. 
C) Low achievers are more likely to ask their teacher for assistance when they don't understand something. 
D) Low achievers are more likely to be worried about their grades, so they monitor their comprehension frequently.

Question 2

The textbook recommends three of the following strategies for helping students learn to summarize class material.Which strategy does it not recommend?

Accepted Answer

A) Begin by asking them to summarize large bodies of information. 
B) Have them practice first on well-organized material. 
C) Have them work in cooperative groups to develop summaries. 
D) Ask them to summarize reading assignments on a regular basis. 
A) Begin by asking them to summarize large bodies of information. 
B) Have them practice first on well-organized material. 
C) Have them work in cooperative groups to develop summaries. 
D) Ask them to summarize reading assignments on a regular basis.

Question 3

Three of the following are true statements about cultural differences in metacognition and learning strategies.Which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

A) In comparison with Western schools, Asian schools are more likely to communicate to students that successful learning involves hard work and persistence. 
B) School children in mainstream Western societies are expected to memorize things word for word more frequently than is true for children in other cultures. 
C) For some people in China, school learning is a moral as well as academic enterprise: It enables a person to contribute to his or her society. 
D) In cultures that value committing certain sacred texts to memory, rehearsal is frequently encouraged as a study strategy. 
A) In comparison with Western schools, Asian schools are more likely to communicate to students that successful learning involves hard work and persistence. 
B) School children in mainstream Western societies are expected to memorize things word for word more frequently than is true for children in other cultures. 
C) For some people in China, school learning is a moral as well as academic enterprise: It enables a person to contribute to his or her society. 
D) In cultures that value committing certain sacred texts to memory, rehearsal is frequently encouraged as a study strategy.

Question 4

William is trying to calculate the price of his groceries in his head.He has four apples for 35¢ each, five potatoes for 15¢ each, and three cake mixes for $2.25 each.He begins by thinking to himself, "Let's see, 4 times 35¢ is what? Two times 35¢ is 70¢, and then 2 times 70¢ is $1.40.And then what do I do next? Oh, yes, I need to know what 5 times 15 equals.I can't remember, but let's see if I can figure it out...." From the perspective of cognitive psychology, William may have trouble solving the problem because:

Accepted Answer

A) He is using an inappropriate heuristic. 
B) He is encoding the problem incorrectly. 
C) He is demonstrating a counterproductive mental set with regard to his use of multiplication facts. 
D) His working memory capacity may be insufficient to hold and process all the information. 
A) He is using an inappropriate heuristic. 
B) He is encoding the problem incorrectly. 
C) He is demonstrating a counterproductive mental set with regard to his use of multiplication facts. 
D) His working memory capacity may be insufficient to hold and process all the information.

Question 5

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference in epistemic beliefs?

Accepted Answer

A) Irene likes going to school because that's where she sees her friends every day, but Isabelle likes going to school because of all the new things she learns there. 
B) Julie thinks that doing well in high school is important for getting into a good college, but Janette thinks that she can get into college with mediocre grades as long as she has high SAT scores. 
C) Loren is well aware of the criteria that his teacher is using to evaluate his classroom performance, but Luke is clueless about why he is doing poorly in the same teacher's class. 
D) Keith thinks that learning geography means memorizing place names, but Kareem thinks that learning geography means understanding migration and settlement patterns. 
A) Irene likes going to school because that's where she sees her friends every day, but Isabelle likes going to school because of all the new things she learns there. 
B) Julie thinks that doing well in high school is important for getting into a good college, but Janette thinks that she can get into college with mediocre grades as long as she has high SAT scores. 
C) Loren is well aware of the criteria that his teacher is using to evaluate his classroom performance, but Luke is clueless about why he is doing poorly in the same teacher's class. 
D) Keith thinks that learning geography means memorizing place names, but Kareem thinks that learning geography means understanding migration and settlement patterns.

Question 6

Creativity often involves divergent thinking.Which one of the following is the best example of divergent thinking?

Accepted Answer

A) Marsha builds a bookcase by following directions she has found in a hobby magazine. 
B) Frank solves several multiplication problems using a strategy he has learned for solving "9's" problems. 
C) Lacking any wooden blocks to build an arch for his toy soldiers to march under, Thomas builds an arch using upside-down paper cups. 
D) After reading in a library book about what hamsters like to eat, Jennifer gives her pet hamster a diet of vegetables, fruit, and hamster pellets to help him grow faster. 
A) Marsha builds a bookcase by following directions she has found in a hobby magazine. 
B) Frank solves several multiplication problems using a strategy he has learned for solving "9's" problems. 
C) Lacking any wooden blocks to build an arch for his toy soldiers to march under, Thomas builds an arch using upside-down paper cups. 
D) After reading in a library book about what hamsters like to eat, Jennifer gives her pet hamster a diet of vegetables, fruit, and hamster pellets to help him grow faster.

Question 7

In a science lesson on heat, Ms.Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids.The next day she asks her class the following four questions.Which one requires a higher-level cognitive process?

Accepted Answer

A) "Who can remember yesterday's discussion about heat?" 
B) "What is heat?" 
C) "Which one is heated more quickly-a gas or a liquid?" 
D) "Why is it cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?" 
A) "Who can remember yesterday's discussion about heat?" 
B) "What is heat?" 
C) "Which one is heated more quickly-a gas or a liquid?" 
D) "Why is it cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?"

Question 8

Many children lack metacognitive knowledge.This is reflected in the fact that they:

Accepted Answer

A) Don't know very much about how to learn 
B) Have difficulty with such mathematical concepts as proportions and negative numbers 
C) Tend to be easily distracted from their schoolwork 
D) Don't perform very well on intelligence test items requiring abstract thought 
A) Don't know very much about how to learn 
B) Have difficulty with such mathematical concepts as proportions and negative numbers 
C) Tend to be easily distracted from their schoolwork 
D) Don't perform very well on intelligence test items requiring abstract thought

Question 9

Which one of the following behaviors meets both of the essential criteria for creativity?

Accepted Answer

A) Modeling himself after a popular TV character, Al shaves all the hair off of his head with the hope that he will win the admiration of the girls in his class. 
B) Rick finds a new use for old greeting cards: cutting them into circles and coating them with resin so that people can use them as coasters for soft drinks. 
C) Trina douses her running shoes in perfume to keep them from smelling after gym class; although they're too soggy to wear for the rest of the week, they do smell better. 
D) Kevin decorates his room with posters and black lights in the same way that his friend Steve has decorated his room. 
A) Modeling himself after a popular TV character, Al shaves all the hair off of his head with the hope that he will win the admiration of the girls in his class. 
B) Rick finds a new use for old greeting cards: cutting them into circles and coating them with resin so that people can use them as coasters for soft drinks. 
C) Trina douses her running shoes in perfume to keep them from smelling after gym class; although they're too soggy to wear for the rest of the week, they do smell better. 
D) Kevin decorates his room with posters and black lights in the same way that his friend Steve has decorated his room.

Question 10

Ideally we should engage students in authentic problem-solving activities as often as possible.When such activities are logistically impossible or impractical, the most authentic alternative is probably

Accepted Answer

A) Presenting computer simulations of real-world problems 
B) Assigning readings about how experts have solved real-world problems 
C) Giving verbal descriptions of problems 
D) Telling colorful anecdotes about how people have solved problems in the local community 
E) g., mathematical word problems) 
A) Presenting computer simulations of real-world problems 
B) Assigning readings about how experts have solved real-world problems 
C) Giving verbal descriptions of problems 
D) Telling colorful anecdotes about how people have solved problems in the local community 
E) g., mathematical word problems)

Question 11

A student who has an illusion of knowing is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

A) Elaborate on difficult-to-learn material 
B) Express surprise about a low test score 
C) Summarize what he or she has just read 
D) Know the general meaning of material but be unable to repeat it verbatim 
A) Elaborate on difficult-to-learn material 
B) Express surprise about a low test score 
C) Summarize what he or she has just read 
D) Know the general meaning of material but be unable to repeat it verbatim

Question 12

Weston is working on a science project and wants to make his papier-mâché volcano "erupt." He remembers that when his mother combined vinegar and baking soda while following a recipe, the batter foamed up as she added the vinegar.So he tries mixing vinegar and baking soda in his volcano, and the mixture bubbles.Weston is showing:

Accepted Answer

A) General transfer 
B) Intuitive transfer 
C) Negative transfer 
D) Specific transfer 
A) General transfer 
B) Intuitive transfer 
C) Negative transfer 
D) Specific transfer

Question 13

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates the effect of mental set on problem solving?

Accepted Answer

A) Albert can't find the right size of test tube to complete a chemistry lab. 
B) Bradley is trying to solve a physics problem on a class exam.He is so anxious that he can't remember how to do the problem. 
C) Charlie is doing a series of addition problems.He overlooks the subtraction sign on the last problem, so he adds when he should subtract. 
D) Doug is angry that another boy stole his bicycle, and so he steals a bicycle from someone else. 
A) Albert can't find the right size of test tube to complete a chemistry lab. 
B) Bradley is trying to solve a physics problem on a class exam.He is so anxious that he can't remember how to do the problem. 
C) Charlie is doing a series of addition problems.He overlooks the subtraction sign on the last problem, so he adds when he should subtract. 
D) Doug is angry that another boy stole his bicycle, and so he steals a bicycle from someone else.

Question 14

Three of the following are accurate statements about epistemic beliefs.Which statement is not accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Students who view learning as an active, constructive process are more likely to undergo conceptual change when it is warranted. 
B) Students who believe that learning is a slow, gradual process are more likely to persist in their efforts to understand classroom material. 
C) Young children are apt to believe that conflicting points of view on a topic may be equally valid; as they get older, they become increasingly convinced that one perspective is almost invariably more valid than others. 
D) As students move through the high school years, some of them increasingly begin to realize that mastering academic subject matter involves understanding concepts and their interrelationships rather than memorizing discrete facts. 
A) Students who view learning as an active, constructive process are more likely to undergo conceptual change when it is warranted. 
B) Students who believe that learning is a slow, gradual process are more likely to persist in their efforts to understand classroom material. 
C) Young children are apt to believe that conflicting points of view on a topic may be equally valid; as they get older, they become increasingly convinced that one perspective is almost invariably more valid than others. 
D) As students move through the high school years, some of them increasingly begin to realize that mastering academic subject matter involves understanding concepts and their interrelationships rather than memorizing discrete facts.

Question 15

Which one of the following is the best example of critical thinking as the textbook defines the term?

Accepted Answer

A) Justin says to his friend Victor, "I think I can guess why you're feeling sad today." 
B) Lorenzo complains to his teacher, "When the textbook author talks about the importance of recycling, he doesn't explain how the advantages outweigh the disadvantages." 
C) Muriel asks her teacher, "Why do we have to start school so early in the morning? I have trouble thinking clearly before ten o'clock in the morning." 
D) Rachel mumbles to herself as she reads her history book, "Why does the year 1929 sound so familiar? Oh, yes, now I know.That's the year the stock market crashed." 
A) Justin says to his friend Victor, "I think I can guess why you're feeling sad today." 
B) Lorenzo complains to his teacher, "When the textbook author talks about the importance of recycling, he doesn't explain how the advantages outweigh the disadvantages." 
C) Muriel asks her teacher, "Why do we have to start school so early in the morning? I have trouble thinking clearly before ten o'clock in the morning." 
D) Rachel mumbles to herself as she reads her history book, "Why does the year 1929 sound so familiar? Oh, yes, now I know.That's the year the stock market crashed."

Question 16

Perry is trying to solve the following riddle: "What creature walks first on four legs, then two, then three?" He repeatedly tries to think of an animal that might walk on three legs, but he can think only of animals that walk on either two or four legs.Finally, he is told the correct answer-a human being, who crawls, then walks, then walks with a cane.Which one of the following is the most likely explanation of Perry's difficulty?

Accepted Answer

A) He has encoded the problem with too narrow a definition of legs. 
B) He doesn't have enough working memory capacity. 
C) He doesn't have a sufficient knowledge base. 
D) He is the victim of specific transfer. 
A) He has encoded the problem with too narrow a definition of legs. 
B) He doesn't have enough working memory capacity. 
C) He doesn't have a sufficient knowledge base. 
D) He is the victim of specific transfer.

Question 17

Jeffrey needs to study for an upcoming exam.He does a number of things to prepare for the exam, four of which are listed below.Three of these illustrate metacognition. Which one reflects little or no any metacognitive activity?

Accepted Answer

A) He allocates adequate study time for the exam. 
B) He directs his eyes to the first page of his textbook. 
C) He identifies a suitable mnemonic technique that will help him remember a difficult piece of information. 
D) He tests himself to see if he is sufficiently prepared for the exam. 
A) He allocates adequate study time for the exam. 
B) He directs his eyes to the first page of his textbook. 
C) He identifies a suitable mnemonic technique that will help him remember a difficult piece of information. 
D) He tests himself to see if he is sufficiently prepared for the exam.

Question 18

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates how a mental set can interfere with problem solving?

Accepted Answer

A) Abigail wants to make amends with a boyfriend she recently fought with.However, the boy tells her that he is now dating someone else. 
B) Bernadette's car won't start.Because she has always driven her car to work before, it doesn't occur to her to take the bus to work. 
C) Corinne needs to calculate the volume of a pyramid.She knows she learned the correct formula in class, but she can't seem to remember it now. 
D) Danielle is working on a jigsaw puzzle.One of the pieces to the puzzle is missing. 
A) Abigail wants to make amends with a boyfriend she recently fought with.However, the boy tells her that he is now dating someone else. 
B) Bernadette's car won't start.Because she has always driven her car to work before, it doesn't occur to her to take the bus to work. 
C) Corinne needs to calculate the volume of a pyramid.She knows she learned the correct formula in class, but she can't seem to remember it now. 
D) Danielle is working on a jigsaw puzzle.One of the pieces to the puzzle is missing.

Question 19

As a sixth grader, Mario shows exceptional creativity in his art class when using pastels for the first time.Which one of the following predictions is most warranted from this information?

Accepted Answer

A) He is likely to show artistic creativity when using watercolor paints as well. 
B) When his class is asked to invent a device to help keep the classroom cool on hot days, he will develop one of the most creative solutions. 
C) He will include many vivid descriptions of people and places in the short stories he writes. 
D) If he is taught to play a musical instrument, he will probably show creativity in how he plays it. 
A) He is likely to show artistic creativity when using watercolor paints as well. 
B) When his class is asked to invent a device to help keep the classroom cool on hot days, he will develop one of the most creative solutions. 
C) He will include many vivid descriptions of people and places in the short stories he writes. 
D) If he is taught to play a musical instrument, he will probably show creativity in how he plays it.

Question 20

We are likely to find three of the following characteristics in students with advanced cognitive development.Which one are we not likely to find?

Accepted Answer

A) Greater inclination to think critically about classroom topics 
B) More advanced problem-solving strategies 
C) More frequent use of mental sets in solving problems 
D) Greater tendency to apply classroom material to new situations 
A) Greater inclination to think critically about classroom topics 
B) More advanced problem-solving strategies 
C) More frequent use of mental sets in solving problems 
D) Greater tendency to apply classroom material to new situations

Which one of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between comprehension monitoring and academic achievement?

The textbook recommends three of the following strategies for helping students learn to summarize class material.Which strategy does it not recommend?

Three of the following are true statements about cultural differences in metacognition and learning strategies.Which statement is false?

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference in epistemic beliefs?

Creativity often involves divergent thinking.Which one of the following is the best example of divergent thinking?

In a science lesson on heat, Ms.Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids.The next day she asks her class the following four questions.Which one requires a higher-level cognitive process?

Many children lack metacognitive knowledge.This is reflected in the fact that they:

Which one of the following behaviors meets both of the essential criteria for creativity?

Ideally we should engage students in authentic problem-solving activities as often as possible.When such activities are logistically impossible or impractical, the most authentic alternative is probably

A student who has an illusion of knowing is most likely to:

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates the effect of mental set on problem solving?

Three of the following are accurate statements about epistemic beliefs.Which statement is not accurate?

Which one of the following is the best example of critical thinking as the textbook defines the term?

Jeffrey needs to study for an upcoming exam.He does a number of things to prepare for the exam, four of which are listed below.Three of these illustrate metacognition. Which one reflects little or no any metacognitive activity?

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates how a mental set can interfere with problem solving?

As a sixth grader, Mario shows exceptional creativity in his art class when using pastels for the first time.Which one of the following predictions is most warranted from this information?

We are likely to find three of the following characteristics in students with advanced cognitive development.Which one are we not likely to find?

Teaching and Educational Psychology

Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Personal and Social Development

Group Differences

Individual Differences and Special Educational Needs

Learning and Cognitive Processes

Knowledge Construction

Behaviorist Views of Learning

Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Motivation and Affect

Instructional Strategies

Creating a Productive Learning Environment

Classroom Assessment Strategies

Filters

Exam 8: Complex Cognitive Processes

Which one of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between comprehension monitoring and academic achievement?

The textbook recommends three of the following strategies for helping students learn to summarize class material.Which strategy does it not recommend?

Three of the following are true statements about cultural differences in metacognition and learning strategies.Which statement is false?

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference in epistemic beliefs?

Creativity often involves divergent thinking.Which one of the following is the best example of divergent thinking?

In a science lesson on heat, Ms.Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids.The next day she asks her class the following four questions.Which one requires a higher-level cognitive process?

Many children lack metacognitive knowledge.This is reflected in the fact that they:

Which one of the following behaviors meets both of the essential criteria for creativity?

Ideally we should engage students in authentic problem-solving activities as often as possible.When such activities are logistically impossible or impractical, the most authentic alternative is probably

A student who has an illusion of knowing is most likely to:

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates the effect of mental set on problem solving?

Three of the following are accurate statements about epistemic beliefs.Which statement is not accurate?

Which one of the following is the best example of critical thinking as the textbook defines the term?

Jeffrey needs to study for an upcoming exam.He does a number of things to prepare for the exam, four of which are listed below.Three of these illustrate metacognition. Which one reflects little or no any metacognitive activity?

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates how a mental set can interfere with problem solving?

As a sixth grader, Mario shows exceptional creativity in his art class when using pastels for the first time.Which one of the following predictions is most warranted from this information?

We are likely to find three of the following characteristics in students with advanced cognitive development.Which one are we not likely to find?

Teaching and Educational Psychology

Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Personal and Social Development

Group Differences

Individual Differences and Special Educational Needs

Learning and Cognitive Processes

Knowledge Construction

Behaviorist Views of Learning

Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Motivation and Affect

Instructional Strategies

Creating a Productive Learning Environment

Classroom Assessment Strategies

Filters