Question 1

A(n) _____ refers to each time a procedure is carried out.

Accepted Answer

A)  success 
B)  failure 
C)  trial 
D)  outcome 
A)  success 
B)  failure 
C)  trial 
D)  outcome C

Question 2

When the outcome of one trial does not depend, in any way, on the outcome of previous trials, the events are said to be _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent 
B)  independent 
C)  confirmatory 
D)  confounding 
A)  dependent 
B)  independent 
C)  confirmatory 
D)  confounding B

Question 3

All of the recent children born into Jessica's family have been males, so there is a lot of pressure for her and her husband Matt to have the first granddaughter.In fact, everyone is sure that their first child will be a girl, because the family is due to have one! Unfortunately for their families, this logic is false because:

Accepted Answer

A)  the birth of a girl occurs only under the law of large numbers. 
B)  the sex of their child is independent of that of any previous children born. 
C)  the probability of a girl is less than that of a boy being born. 
D)  an illusory correlation exists between gender and family expectations. 
A)  the birth of a girl occurs only under the law of large numbers. 
B)  the sex of their child is independent of that of any previous children born. 
C)  the probability of a girl is less than that of a boy being born. 
D)  an illusory correlation exists between gender and family expectations. B

Question 4

The null hypothesis can express that there is no relationship between variables or that no change is expected.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

In a study of the effects of humor on memory, Schmidt (1994) had participants read either humorous sentences or non-humorous sentences and then later tested participants' memory for the sentences.The experimental group in this experiment was:

Accepted Answer

A)  the group of participants assigned non-humorous sentences. 
B)  the group of participants assigned humorous sentences. 
C)  a third group of participants who were not asked to read any sentences. 
D)  irrelevant because there was no experimental group in this experiment. 
A)  the group of participants assigned non-humorous sentences. 
B)  the group of participants assigned humorous sentences. 
C)  a third group of participants who were not asked to read any sentences. 
D)  irrelevant because there was no experimental group in this experiment.

Question 6

The expected relative-frequency probability of events is rarely observed in everyday life because people do not:

Accepted Answer

A)  accept information that goes against their expectations. 
B)  check their personal probability against reality. 
C)  use the appropriate formula of successes divided by trials. 
D)  observe things over many, many trials, but rather rely on a few observations. 
A)  accept information that goes against their expectations. 
B)  check their personal probability against reality. 
C)  use the appropriate formula of successes divided by trials. 
D)  observe things over many, many trials, but rather rely on a few observations.

Question 7

A(n) _____ refers to the outcome for which one is trying to determine the probability.

Accepted Answer

A)  success 
B)  failure 
C)  trial 
D)  outcome 
A)  success 
B)  failure 
C)  trial 
D)  outcome

Question 8

The statement "There's a 75 percent chance that I will pass my history class" best illustrates which concept?

Accepted Answer

A)  subjective probability 
B)  expected-relative frequency probability 
C)  hypothesis testing 
D)  Type I error 
A)  subjective probability 
B)  expected-relative frequency probability 
C)  hypothesis testing 
D)  Type I error

Question 9

Janice tosses a quarter 10 times and finds that 4 of the 10 times the quarter comes up heads and 6 of the 10 times the quarter comes up tails.What should Janice conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  The quarter is an unfair quarter. 
B)  The expected relative frequency probability of getting heads when tossing a quarter is 4/10. 
C)  It is more probable to get heads than it is to get tails when tossing a quarter. 
D)  In the long-term the expected relative frequency would be 5/5, but with only 10 trials a different pattern has emerged. 
A)  The quarter is an unfair quarter. 
B)  The expected relative frequency probability of getting heads when tossing a quarter is 4/10. 
C)  It is more probable to get heads than it is to get tails when tossing a quarter. 
D)  In the long-term the expected relative frequency would be 5/5, but with only 10 trials a different pattern has emerged.

Question 10

Studies in which the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis are less likely to be published than studies that rejected the null hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The public transportation system in Philadelphia has recently received several complaints about buses running late or not at all.The transportation authorities decide to conduct an experiment with 62 bus drivers, while the public newspaper conducts a study with 7 drivers.Which group is MORE likely to make either a Type I or Type II error?

Accepted Answer

A)  both groups 
B)  neither group 
C)  transportation authorities 
D)  newspaper 
A)  both groups 
B)  neither group 
C)  transportation authorities 
D)  newspaper

Question 12

_____ refers to the duplication of scientific results.

Accepted Answer

A)  Replication 
B)  Sampling 
C)  Random assignment 
D)  Generalizability 
A)  Replication 
B)  Sampling 
C)  Random assignment 
D)  Generalizability

Question 13

Random sampling is most closely associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  internal validity 
B)  reliability 
C)  external validity 
D)  interrater reliability 
A)  internal validity 
B)  reliability 
C)  external validity 
D)  interrater reliability

Question 14

A false-negative pregnancy test is an example of a Type I error.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Whereas _____ are not good at generating random numbers because of consideration of previous events, _____ have no memory for previous events and can therefore be unbiased.

Accepted Answer

A)  researchers; students 
B)  computers; random numbers tables 
C)  humans; computers 
D)  students; researchers 
A)  researchers; students 
B)  computers; random numbers tables 
C)  humans; computers 
D)  students; researchers

Question 16

Probability is calculated by dividing the number of trials by the number of successes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The text claims that journals tend to prefer "exciting" findings over "boring" ones.Which of these constitutes an "exciting" finding?

Accepted Answer

A)  failing to reject the null hypothesis 
B)  committing a Type I error 
C)  It is not possible to determine based on the information provided. 
D)  rejecting the null hypothesis 
A)  failing to reject the null hypothesis 
B)  committing a Type I error 
C)  It is not possible to determine based on the information provided. 
D)  rejecting the null hypothesis

Question 18

A researcher finds support for his research hypothesis.He should then make which of these decisions?

Accepted Answer

A)  reject the null hypothesis 
B)  Type I error has been committed. 
C)  fail to reject the null hypothesis 
D)  It is not possible to make the decision based on the information provided. 
A)  reject the null hypothesis 
B)  Type I error has been committed. 
C)  fail to reject the null hypothesis 
D)  It is not possible to make the decision based on the information provided.

Question 19

Random sampling is the method most likely to lead to a _____ sample.

Accepted Answer

A)  biased 
B)  convenience 
C)  self-selected 
D)  representative 
A)  biased 
B)  convenience 
C)  self-selected 
D)  representative

Question 20

A false-negative pregnancy test is an example of a Type II error.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

A(n) _____ refers to each time a procedure is carried out.

When the outcome of one trial does not depend, in any way, on the outcome of previous trials, the events are said to be _____.

The null hypothesis can express that there is no relationship between variables or that no change is expected.

In a study of the effects of humor on memory, Schmidt (1994) had participants read either humorous sentences or non-humorous sentences and then later tested participants' memory for the sentences.The experimental group in this experiment was:

The expected relative-frequency probability of events is rarely observed in everyday life because people do not:

A(n) _____ refers to the outcome for which one is trying to determine the probability.

The statement "There's a 75 percent chance that I will pass my history class" best illustrates which concept?

Janice tosses a quarter 10 times and finds that 4 of the 10 times the quarter comes up heads and 6 of the 10 times the quarter comes up tails.What should Janice conclude?

Studies in which the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis are less likely to be published than studies that rejected the null hypothesis.

_____ refers to the duplication of scientific results.

Random sampling is most closely associated with which of the following?

A false-negative pregnancy test is an example of a Type I error.

Whereas _ are not good at generating random numbers because of consideration of previous events, _ have no memory for previous events and can therefore be unbiased.

Probability is calculated by dividing the number of trials by the number of successes.

The text claims that journals tend to prefer "exciting" findings over "boring" ones.Which of these constitutes an "exciting" finding?

A researcher finds support for his research hypothesis.He should then make which of these decisions?

Random sampling is the method most likely to lead to a _____ sample.

A false-negative pregnancy test is an example of a Type II error.

An Introduction to Statistics and Research Design

Frequency Distributions

Visual Displays of Data

Central Tendency and Variability

The Normal Curve, Standardization and Z Scores

Hypothesis Testing With Z Tests

Confidence Intervals, Effect Size, and Statistical Power

The Single-Sample T Test

The Paired-Samples T Test

The Independent-Samples T Test

One-Way Between-Groups Anova

One-Way Within-Groups Anova

Two-Way Between-Groups Anova

Correlation

Regression

Chi-Square Tess

Choosing and Reporting Statistics

Filters

Exam 5: Sampling and Probability

A(n) _____ refers to each time a procedure is carried out.

When the outcome of one trial does not depend, in any way, on the outcome of previous trials, the events are said to be _____.

The null hypothesis can express that there is no relationship between variables or that no change is expected.

In a study of the effects of humor on memory, Schmidt (1994) had participants read either humorous sentences or non-humorous sentences and then later tested participants' memory for the sentences.The experimental group in this experiment was:

The expected relative-frequency probability of events is rarely observed in everyday life because people do not:

A(n) _____ refers to the outcome for which one is trying to determine the probability.

The statement "There's a 75 percent chance that I will pass my history class" best illustrates which concept?

Janice tosses a quarter 10 times and finds that 4 of the 10 times the quarter comes up heads and 6 of the 10 times the quarter comes up tails.What should Janice conclude?

Studies in which the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis are less likely to be published than studies that rejected the null hypothesis.

_____ refers to the duplication of scientific results.

Random sampling is most closely associated with which of the following?

A false-negative pregnancy test is an example of a Type I error.

Whereas _____ are not good at generating random numbers because of consideration of previous events, _____ have no memory for previous events and can therefore be unbiased.

Probability is calculated by dividing the number of trials by the number of successes.

The text claims that journals tend to prefer "exciting" findings over "boring" ones.Which of these constitutes an "exciting" finding?

A researcher finds support for his research hypothesis.He should then make which of these decisions?

Random sampling is the method most likely to lead to a _____ sample.

A false-negative pregnancy test is an example of a Type II error.

An Introduction to Statistics and Research Design

Frequency Distributions

Visual Displays of Data

Central Tendency and Variability

The Normal Curve, Standardization and Z Scores

Hypothesis Testing With Z Tests

Confidence Intervals, Effect Size, and Statistical Power

The Single-Sample T Test

The Paired-Samples T Test

The Independent-Samples T Test

One-Way Between-Groups Anova

One-Way Within-Groups Anova

Two-Way Between-Groups Anova

Correlation

Regression

Chi-Square Tess

Choosing and Reporting Statistics

Filters

Whereas _ are not good at generating random numbers because of consideration of previous events, _ have no memory for previous events and can therefore be unbiased.