Question 1

The major advantage of individual matching is that

Accepted Answer

A)  one can be sure that the two groups of participants are equal on the matched extraneous variables. 
B)  it is very easy to match on numerous variables at the same time. 
C)  it does not require the experimenter to know each participant's status on important extraneous variables such as age or IQ 
D)  statistical comparison of group performance is made easier. 
A)  one can be sure that the two groups of participants are equal on the matched extraneous variables. 
B)  it is very easy to match on numerous variables at the same time. 
C)  it does not require the experimenter to know each participant's status on important extraneous variables such as age or IQ 
D)  statistical comparison of group performance is made easier.

Question 2

Which of the following extraneous variables can NOT be corrected using random assignment?

Accepted Answer

A)  participant but not experimenter effects 
B)  experimenter but not participant effects 
C)  participant and experimenter effects 
D)  none of the above 
A)  participant but not experimenter effects 
B)  experimenter but not participant effects 
C)  participant and experimenter effects 
D)  none of the above

Question 3

Dr. James is conducting a repeated measures study in which the IV has three levels. Dr. James randomly assigns one of the six possible sequences of levels to each participant. This type of counterbalancing is called

Accepted Answer

A)  intrasubject counterbalancing 
B)  complete counterbalancing 
C)  incomplete counterbalancing 
D)  randomized counterbalancing 
A)  intrasubject counterbalancing 
B)  complete counterbalancing 
C)  incomplete counterbalancing 
D)  randomized counterbalancing

Question 4

Which of the following describes intrasubject counterbalancing in an experiment with two experimental conditions, A and B?

Accepted Answer

A)  half the participants experience one condition 
A) , and the other half experience the other condition
B)  
B)  half the participants experience condition one first followed by condition two A
B) , while the other half gets the conditions in the reverse order B
A)  
C)  each participant experiences condition A first, then condition B A
B)  
D)  each participant experiences the following: condition A, condition B, condition B again, and condition A again ABB
A)  
A)  half the participants experience one condition 
A) , and the other half experience the other condition
B)  
B)  half the participants experience condition one first followed by condition two A
B) , while the other half gets the conditions in the reverse order B
A)  
C)  each participant experiences condition A first, then condition B A
B)  
D)  each participant experiences the following: condition A, condition B, condition B again, and condition A again ABB
A)

Question 5

Often, we do not know at the start of an experiment what extraneous variables could affect our results. The best means of controlling unknown sources of extraneous variables is

Accepted Answer

A)  matching. 
B)  counterbalancing. 
C)  randomization. 
D)  analysis of covariance. 
A)  matching. 
B)  counterbalancing. 
C)  randomization. 
D)  analysis of covariance.

Question 6

In a study designed to examine the effects of caffeine on reaction time, four caffeine conditions 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg of caffeine) are used. If the experimenter decides to use complete counterbalancing and assuming that one subject will be tested in each of the sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  24 
B)  48 
C)  12 
D)  4 
A)  24 
B)  48 
C)  12 
D)  4

Question 7

By using intragroup incomplete counterbalancing, you can control for all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  linear order effects. 
B)  nonlinear order effects. 
C)  linear carryover effects. 
D)  differential carryover effects 
A)  linear order effects. 
B)  nonlinear order effects. 
C)  linear carryover effects. 
D)  differential carryover effects

Question 8

What is the best technique to use to control for sequencing effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  random assignment to groups 
B)  precision control matching 
C)  yoked matching 
D)  counterbalancing 
A)  random assignment to groups 
B)  precision control matching 
C)  yoked matching 
D)  counterbalancing

Question 9

In some experiments, demand characteristics are controlled by making sure neither the participant nor the experimenter knows what conditions) the participant experienced until the data are collected and analyzed. This is called an) ______procedure.

Accepted Answer

A)  counterbalancing 
B)  double-blind 
C)  treatment-placebo 
D)  matched ignorance 
A)  counterbalancing 
B)  double-blind 
C)  treatment-placebo 
D)  matched ignorance

Question 10

Random assignment of participants to the various groups in an experiment

Accepted Answer

A)  guarantees that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable. 
B)  maximized the probability that extraneous variables will NOT have a differential effect on the various treatment groups. 
C)  is essential if you want to generalize your results to the population. 
D)  is very difficult to do and is therefore not commonly done. 
A)  guarantees that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable. 
B)  maximized the probability that extraneous variables will NOT have a differential effect on the various treatment groups. 
C)  is essential if you want to generalize your results to the population. 
D)  is very difficult to do and is therefore not commonly done.

Question 11

What is the common purpose of using the double blinding and deception techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  they are more economical and easier to use than randomization or matching 
B)  they keep participants' perceptions of the experiment constant across different conditions of the experiment 
C)  they eliminate the effects of most known extraneous variables 
D)  they eliminate experimenter bias 
A)  they are more economical and easier to use than randomization or matching 
B)  they keep participants' perceptions of the experiment constant across different conditions of the experiment 
C)  they eliminate the effects of most known extraneous variables 
D)  they eliminate experimenter bias

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of the individual matching?

Accepted Answer

A)  it is often difficult to decide which of the many possible extraneous variables one should control through matching. 
B)  the more variables on which one wishes to match participants, the more difficult it is to find matched participants. 
C)  it is often difficult to arrange for two participants to arrive at the experimental site at the same time. 
D)  this type of matching limits the generality of your results to a unique group of participants 
A)  it is often difficult to decide which of the many possible extraneous variables one should control through matching. 
B)  the more variables on which one wishes to match participants, the more difficult it is to find matched participants. 
C)  it is often difficult to arrange for two participants to arrive at the experimental site at the same time. 
D)  this type of matching limits the generality of your results to a unique group of participants

Question 13

Order effects and carryover effects differ in that

Accepted Answer

A)  carryover effects only occur when there are two independent variables. 
B)  for carryover effects it doesn't matter which treatment occurs first, just how often it is repeated. 
C)  for order effects it is only the ordinal position of the treatment that matters. 
D)  for carryover effects it is only the ordinal position of the treatment that matters. 
A)  carryover effects only occur when there are two independent variables. 
B)  for carryover effects it doesn't matter which treatment occurs first, just how often it is repeated. 
C)  for order effects it is only the ordinal position of the treatment that matters. 
D)  for carryover effects it is only the ordinal position of the treatment that matters.

Question 14

Sometimes, the treatment received in one condition of an experiment can influence behavior under the next condition. This in known as an) effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  interference 
B)  confusion 
C)  order 
D)  carryover 
A)  interference 
B)  confusion 
C)  order 
D)  carryover

Question 15

Suppose you are interested in studying how prior exposure can affect color preference, but you know that color preferences are also a function of ethnic background. You could increase your study's sensitivity by studying only one ethnic group. There is a problem inherent in this approach, which is that

Accepted Answer

A)  your results would not be generalizable beyond the ethnic group you studied. 
B)  you would have to use a larger sample to be sure your results were valid. 
C)  you would have to use several levels of prior exposure to be sure you were getting an accurate picture of the relationship between exposure and preference. 
D)  you don't know which ethnic group prefers which colors. 
A)  your results would not be generalizable beyond the ethnic group you studied. 
B)  you would have to use a larger sample to be sure your results were valid. 
C)  you would have to use several levels of prior exposure to be sure you were getting an accurate picture of the relationship between exposure and preference. 
D)  you don't know which ethnic group prefers which colors.

Question 16

Jennifer wants to study motor-pursuit performance tracking a moving light with a hand-held wand) under each of three conditions of distraction, high, medium, and low. Instead of using three separate groups of participants, she makes sure her groups are equivalent by testing the same 12 participants under all three conditions of distraction. She finds that performance is poorest in the first high distraction) condition, better in the second medium distraction), but best in the third low distraction) condition. She concludes that performance is hindered by distraction. What is the problem with this interpretation?

Accepted Answer

A)  her participants could have improved simply with practice over the three conditions 
B)  comparisons like that should only be made across separate groups of people 
C)  twelve participants are not enough to allow for such conclusions 
D)  you can't measure and compare a variable like motor pursuit performance over time 
A)  her participants could have improved simply with practice over the three conditions 
B)  comparisons like that should only be made across separate groups of people 
C)  twelve participants are not enough to allow for such conclusions 
D)  you can't measure and compare a variable like motor pursuit performance over time

Question 17

What is the advantage of a double-blind experimental design?

Accepted Answer

A)  The effects of extraneous variables are not eliminated but they are spread evenly across groups. 
B)  It makes the demand characteristics the same for participants in all conditions and eliminates the possibility that the experimenter unintentionally signals the expected outcome to the participants. 
C)  It increases confidence that the data are being interpreted in an unbiased manner. 
D)  It makes it impossible for the participant to discover the hypothesis and assures that the data are interpreted in terms of what actually happened, not in terms of what "should" have happened. 
A)  The effects of extraneous variables are not eliminated but they are spread evenly across groups. 
B)  It makes the demand characteristics the same for participants in all conditions and eliminates the possibility that the experimenter unintentionally signals the expected outcome to the participants. 
C)  It increases confidence that the data are being interpreted in an unbiased manner. 
D)  It makes it impossible for the participant to discover the hypothesis and assures that the data are interpreted in terms of what actually happened, not in terms of what "should" have happened.

Question 18

The techniques for equating demand characteristics across conditions do not necessarily equate each participant's perceptions of how they can present themselves in the most positive manner. To assess this aspect of participants' perceptions one could use

Accepted Answer

A)  concurrent and retrospective verbal reports. 
B)  retrospective and introspective reports. 
C)  introspective and concurrent verbal reports. 
D)  introspective reports and thinking aloud. 
A)  concurrent and retrospective verbal reports. 
B)  retrospective and introspective reports. 
C)  introspective and concurrent verbal reports. 
D)  introspective reports and thinking aloud.

Question 19

If it is not feasible to use a blind technique throughout the whole experiment, the alternative is the

Accepted Answer

A)  double-blind technique. 
B)  partial revelation technique. 
C)  selective information technique. 
D)  partial blind technique. 
A)  double-blind technique. 
B)  partial revelation technique. 
C)  selective information technique. 
D)  partial blind technique.

Question 20

Carryover effects occur when

Accepted Answer

A)  the effects of one condition are still present when the next condition is administered. 
B)  something internal to the participants changes over time that is unrelated to the independent variable. 
C)  the independent variable affects the dependent variable 
D)  participants drop out of the study at differential rates. 
A)  the effects of one condition are still present when the next condition is administered. 
B)  something internal to the participants changes over time that is unrelated to the independent variable. 
C)  the independent variable affects the dependent variable 
D)  participants drop out of the study at differential rates.

The major advantage of individual matching is that

Which of the following extraneous variables can NOT be corrected using random assignment?

Dr. James is conducting a repeated measures study in which the IV has three levels. Dr. James randomly assigns one of the six possible sequences of levels to each participant. This type of counterbalancing is called

Which of the following describes intrasubject counterbalancing in an experiment with two experimental conditions, A and B?

Often, we do not know at the start of an experiment what extraneous variables could affect our results. The best means of controlling unknown sources of extraneous variables is

By using intragroup incomplete counterbalancing, you can control for all of the following EXCEPT

What is the best technique to use to control for sequencing effects?

In some experiments, demand characteristics are controlled by making sure neither the participant nor the experimenter knows what conditions) the participant experienced until the data are collected and analyzed. This is called an) ______procedure.

Random assignment of participants to the various groups in an experiment

What is the common purpose of using the double blinding and deception techniques?

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of the individual matching?

Order effects and carryover effects differ in that

Sometimes, the treatment received in one condition of an experiment can influence behavior under the next condition. This in known as an) effect.

What is the advantage of a double-blind experimental design?

The techniques for equating demand characteristics across conditions do not necessarily equate each participant's perceptions of how they can present themselves in the most positive manner. To assess this aspect of participants' perceptions one could use

If it is not feasible to use a blind technique throughout the whole experiment, the alternative is the

Carryover effects occur when

Introduction to Scientific Research

Research Approaches and Methods of Data Collection

Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation

Ethics

Measuring Variables and Sampling

Research Validity

Experimental Research Design

Procedure for Conducting an Experiment

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Case Research Designs

Survey Research

Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Preparing the Research Report for Presentation or Publication

Filters

Exam 7: Control Techniques in Experimental Research

The major advantage of individual matching is that

Which of the following extraneous variables can NOT be corrected using random assignment?

Dr. James is conducting a repeated measures study in which the IV has three levels. Dr. James randomly assigns one of the six possible sequences of levels to each participant. This type of counterbalancing is called

Which of the following describes intrasubject counterbalancing in an experiment with two experimental conditions, A and B?

Often, we do not know at the start of an experiment what extraneous variables could affect our results. The best means of controlling unknown sources of extraneous variables is

By using intragroup incomplete counterbalancing, you can control for all of the following EXCEPT

What is the best technique to use to control for sequencing effects?

In some experiments, demand characteristics are controlled by making sure neither the participant nor the experimenter knows what conditions) the participant experienced until the data are collected and analyzed. This is called an) ______procedure.

Random assignment of participants to the various groups in an experiment

What is the common purpose of using the double blinding and deception techniques?

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of the individual matching?

Order effects and carryover effects differ in that

Sometimes, the treatment received in one condition of an experiment can influence behavior under the next condition. This in known as an) effect.

What is the advantage of a double-blind experimental design?

The techniques for equating demand characteristics across conditions do not necessarily equate each participant's perceptions of how they can present themselves in the most positive manner. To assess this aspect of participants' perceptions one could use

If it is not feasible to use a blind technique throughout the whole experiment, the alternative is the

Carryover effects occur when

Introduction to Scientific Research

Research Approaches and Methods of Data Collection

Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation

Ethics

Measuring Variables and Sampling

Research Validity

Experimental Research Design

Procedure for Conducting an Experiment

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Case Research Designs

Survey Research

Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Preparing the Research Report for Presentation or Publication

Filters