Question 1

According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley,1970),if you just witnessed a mugging,you will be most likely to call for help if you

Accepted Answer

A)  believe there will be a high reward for helping. 
B)  are one of seven witnesses. 
C)  perceive yourself as similar to the victim. 
D)  are in a good mood prior to the mugging. 
E)  are the sole witness. 
A)  believe there will be a high reward for helping. 
B)  are one of seven witnesses. 
C)  perceive yourself as similar to the victim. 
D)  are in a good mood prior to the mugging. 
E)  are the sole witness. E

Question 2

Is true altruism possible from the perspective social exchange theory? Explain the social exchange perspective and whether it can allow for true altruism.

Accepted Answer

According to the social exchange theory,we attempt to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs when interacting with others.Therefore,helping others depends on the cost-reward ratio for the self.People help others in situations in which they expect that helping will result in more rewards than costs.The rewards of helping can be many: relief of one's own distress,increased social approval,increased feelings of self-worth,and many others.There are also many potential costs of helping,from embarrassment to real physical harm.By definition an altruistic act is one that is carried out for another's benefit and does not count the cost to the helper.According to social exchange theory we always count the costs.Thus,it is not possible to be altruistic from this perspective.
[It is also possible to claim that altruism can be encompassed from this perspective but there should be a good rationale provided (e.g.,just because a helper is concerned about the cost-reward ratio for helping,this does not mean that this is the only motive or the biggest motivation).If the emphasis in a helper's motivation is the reward-cost ratio for the victim,to a greater extent than for the self,then the person is concerned about social exchange but is also being altruistic.]

Question 3

Malika and Alicia are out shopping,when they are asked to contribute to AIDS research.Malika is happy because she just received an A- on her psychology exam,while Alicia is sad because she received a D.According to your text,who is most likely to contribute?

Accepted Answer

A)  Malika, because she's in a good mood 
B)  Alicia, because she's in a bad mood 
C)  both are likely to help because the cause is important 
D)  neither Malika or Alicia are likely to help 
E)  Malika and Alicia are both likely to help, but for different reasons 
A)  Malika, because she's in a good mood 
B)  Alicia, because she's in a bad mood 
C)  both are likely to help because the cause is important 
D)  neither Malika or Alicia are likely to help 
E)  Malika and Alicia are both likely to help, but for different reasons E

Question 4

The crowded sidewalk is coated with ice.You feel a sharp pain and hear a cracking sound when you fall.You know that you've broken your leg.How might you overcome the bystander effect to ensure that you get help from passersby?

Accepted Answer

First,make sure that people notice you.Y

Question 5

According to research on the effects of mood on helping,good moods are likely to _______ the odds that we will spontaneously help another,and bad moods are likely to _______ the odds that we will spontaneously help.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; decrease 
B)  decrease; increase 
C)  neither increase nor decrease; decrease 
D)  increase; increase 
E)  decrease; decrease 
A)  increase; decrease 
B)  decrease; increase 
C)  neither increase nor decrease; decrease 
D)  increase; increase 
E)  decrease; decrease

Question 6

Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982)listened to an (alleged)radio interview in which a student in their Introductory Psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course.Think for a moment about the method and results of their study.Now assume that you need help from someone,and you have reason to doubt that the other person will be able to empathize with your situation.What should you say to that person to increase the odds that he or she will come to your aid?

Accepted Answer

A)  "You've always come through in the past for me." 
B)  "If I don't see you tonight, I'll see you tomorrow and Wednesday." 
C)  "If you say 'no,' don't ask me for any future favours." 
D)  "If you help me out, I'll buy you lunch." 
E)  "If you help me tonight, I'll return the favour next week." 
A)  "You've always come through in the past for me." 
B)  "If I don't see you tonight, I'll see you tomorrow and Wednesday." 
C)  "If you say 'no,' don't ask me for any future favours." 
D)  "If you help me out, I'll buy you lunch." 
E)  "If you help me tonight, I'll return the favour next week."

Question 7

"Put yourself in my position," Janice whines."Can't you spare an hour to help me out?" Janice is attempting to evoke _______ when trying to persuade you to help her.

Accepted Answer

A)  empathy 
B)  the reciprocity norm 
C)  kin selection 
D)  sympathy 
E)  social exchange pressures 
A)  empathy 
B)  the reciprocity norm 
C)  kin selection 
D)  sympathy 
E)  social exchange pressures

Question 8

Every morning at the bus stop,Carlos encounters an old woman begging for change.She is clearly hungry and alone.Because Carlos feels very bad for this woman and can "feel her pain," he makes a point of giving her some change each morning that he sees her.Which theoretical approach best explains Carlos's behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A)  social-exchange theory 
B)  self-perception theory 
C)  norm of reciprocity 
D)  empathy-altruism hypothesis 
E)  kin selection 
A)  social-exchange theory 
B)  self-perception theory 
C)  norm of reciprocity 
D)  empathy-altruism hypothesis 
E)  kin selection

Question 9

The concept of _______ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency looked concerned,other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.

Accepted Answer

A)  pluralistic ignorance 
B)  diffusion of responsibility 
C)  normative influence 
D)  the bystander effect 
E)  evaluation apprehension 
A)  pluralistic ignorance 
B)  diffusion of responsibility 
C)  normative influence 
D)  the bystander effect 
E)  evaluation apprehension

Question 10

When other bystanders are present,people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency._______ best explains why this is so.

Accepted Answer

A)  The norm of obedience 
B)  Cognitive dissonance theory 
C)  Informational social influence 
D)  The overload hypothesis 
E)  Normative social influence 
A)  The norm of obedience 
B)  Cognitive dissonance theory 
C)  Informational social influence 
D)  The overload hypothesis 
E)  Normative social influence

Question 11

Joseph was on the subway when he noticed a man lying slumped over on the seat.Joseph looked around at the other passengers,who seemed calm and unconcerned.Joseph concluded that the man was probably okay.However,the other passengers may have been looking around at Joseph,to see how he reacted.This would be an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  pluralistic ignorance. 
B)  false uniqueness. 
C)  conformity. 
D)  social reciprocity. 
E)  social failure 
A)  pluralistic ignorance. 
B)  false uniqueness. 
C)  conformity. 
D)  social reciprocity. 
E)  social failure

Question 12

Lessons learned from experimental research on the diffusion of responsibility suggest that Kitty Genovese might be alive today had

Accepted Answer

A)  her neighbours owed her a favour. 
B)  she had been attacked in a place with fewer people around. 
C)  she been attacked where her neighbours could see her. 
D)  she been closer friends with her neighbours. 
E)  her neighbours been more caring. 
A)  her neighbours owed her a favour. 
B)  she had been attacked in a place with fewer people around. 
C)  she been attacked where her neighbours could see her. 
D)  she been closer friends with her neighbours. 
E)  her neighbours been more caring.

Question 13

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free._______ is more likely to stop to help her out because _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Tricia; the situation calls for sustained helping. 
B)  Courtney; women are more likely to help someone of the same gender. 
C)  Hector; the situation calls for an act of chivalry. 
D)  Andy; the situation calls for sustained helping. 
E)  Monica; women in general are more altruistic than men. 
A)  Tricia; the situation calls for sustained helping. 
B)  Courtney; women are more likely to help someone of the same gender. 
C)  Hector; the situation calls for an act of chivalry. 
D)  Andy; the situation calls for sustained helping. 
E)  Monica; women in general are more altruistic than men.

Question 14

Arthur Beaman and his colleagues (1978)exposed some students to a lecture on bystander intervention research and other students to a lecture on an unrelated topic.Two weeks later

Accepted Answer

A)  students exposed to the lecture on helping were more likely than others to help, even in the presence of an unresponsive confederate. 
B)  the students had forgotten what they learned, suggesting that education is not beneficial in increasing helping. 
C)  students who did poorly on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard. 
D)  students who did well on a test were less likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard. 
E)  students who did well on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard. 
A)  students exposed to the lecture on helping were more likely than others to help, even in the presence of an unresponsive confederate. 
B)  the students had forgotten what they learned, suggesting that education is not beneficial in increasing helping. 
C)  students who did poorly on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard. 
D)  students who did well on a test were less likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard. 
E)  students who did well on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard.

Question 15

Consider the following potential costs of helping: encounters with the police,physical harm,the loss of valuable time.All of these factors are most likely to influence whether

Accepted Answer

A)  individuals feel personally responsible to intervene. 
B)  an ambiguous situation is interpreted as an emergency. 
C)  witnesses feel competent to help. 
D)  individuals believe that prosocial behaviour is important. 
E)  help is implemented. 
A)  individuals feel personally responsible to intervene. 
B)  an ambiguous situation is interpreted as an emergency. 
C)  witnesses feel competent to help. 
D)  individuals believe that prosocial behaviour is important. 
E)  help is implemented.

Question 16

There is a _________ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the likelihood that he or she will ________ in the community.

Accepted Answer

A)  zero; help 
B)  negative; help 
C)  positive; feel alone 
D)  negative; feel a sense of belonging 
E)  positive; help 
A)  zero; help 
B)  negative; help 
C)  positive; feel alone 
D)  negative; feel a sense of belonging 
E)  positive; help

Question 17

According to reports (Rosenthal,1964),many of Kitty Genovese's unresponsive neighbours did hear her crying out,"Oh my God,he stabbed me! Please help me! Please help me!" This suggests that the reason that her neighbours failed to intervene followed from

Accepted Answer

A)  the excessive costs of helping. 
B)  diffusion of responsibility. 
C)  urban overload. 
D)  evaluation apprehension 
E)  pluralistic ignorance. 
A)  the excessive costs of helping. 
B)  diffusion of responsibility. 
C)  urban overload. 
D)  evaluation apprehension 
E)  pluralistic ignorance.

Question 18

The _______ hypothesis refers to the idea that people will often help to alleviate their own sadness and distress.

Accepted Answer

A)  social exchange 
B)  empathy-altruism 
C)  negative-state relief 
D)  affect enhancement 
E)  social perception 
A)  social exchange 
B)  empathy-altruism 
C)  negative-state relief 
D)  affect enhancement 
E)  social perception

Question 19

The bystander effect (Latané & Darley,1970)represents a _______ approach to the study of prosocial behaviours.

Accepted Answer

A)  social exchange 
B)  individualistic 
C)  situational 
D)  mood 
E)  personality 
A)  social exchange 
B)  individualistic 
C)  situational 
D)  mood 
E)  personality

Question 20

According to evolutionary psychologists,why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency?

Accepted Answer

A)  Doris's children are more likely to pass on her genes. 
B)  Doris's children are more likely to seek her out than her parents are. 
C)  Doris's children are more emotionally connected to Doris than her parents are. 
D)  Doris's children share more genes in common with Doris than do her parents. 
E)  Doris's children are less likely to be able to save themselves. 
A)  Doris's children are more likely to pass on her genes. 
B)  Doris's children are more likely to seek her out than her parents are. 
C)  Doris's children are more emotionally connected to Doris than her parents are. 
D)  Doris's children share more genes in common with Doris than do her parents. 
E)  Doris's children are less likely to be able to save themselves.

According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley,1970),if you just witnessed a mugging,you will be most likely to call for help if you

Is true altruism possible from the perspective social exchange theory? Explain the social exchange perspective and whether it can allow for true altruism.

Malika and Alicia are out shopping,when they are asked to contribute to AIDS research.Malika is happy because she just received an A- on her psychology exam,while Alicia is sad because she received a D.According to your text,who is most likely to contribute?

The crowded sidewalk is coated with ice.You feel a sharp pain and hear a cracking sound when you fall.You know that you've broken your leg.How might you overcome the bystander effect to ensure that you get help from passersby?

According to research on the effects of mood on helping,good moods are likely to _ the odds that we will spontaneously help another,and bad moods are likely to _ the odds that we will spontaneously help.

"Put yourself in my position," Janice whines."Can't you spare an hour to help me out?" Janice is attempting to evoke _______ when trying to persuade you to help her.

The concept of _______ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency looked concerned,other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.

When other bystanders are present,people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency._______ best explains why this is so.

Lessons learned from experimental research on the diffusion of responsibility suggest that Kitty Genovese might be alive today had

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free._ is more likely to stop to help her out because _.

Arthur Beaman and his colleagues (1978)exposed some students to a lecture on bystander intervention research and other students to a lecture on an unrelated topic.Two weeks later

Consider the following potential costs of helping: encounters with the police,physical harm,the loss of valuable time.All of these factors are most likely to influence whether

There is a _ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the likelihood that he or she will in the community.

According to reports (Rosenthal,1964),many of Kitty Genovese's unresponsive neighbours did hear her crying out,"Oh my God,he stabbed me! Please help me! Please help me!" This suggests that the reason that her neighbours failed to intervene followed from

The _______ hypothesis refers to the idea that people will often help to alleviate their own sadness and distress.

The bystander effect (Latané & Darley,1970)represents a _______ approach to the study of prosocial behaviours.

According to evolutionary psychologists,why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency?

Introduction to Social Psychology

Methodology

Social Cognition

Social Perception

The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Attitudes and Attitude Change

Conformity

Group Processes

Interpersonal Attraction

Aggression

Prejudice

Social Psychology in Action 1

Social Psychology in Action 2

Social Psychology in Action 3

Filters

Exam 10: Prosocial Behaviour

According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley,1970),if you just witnessed a mugging,you will be most likely to call for help if you

Is true altruism possible from the perspective social exchange theory? Explain the social exchange perspective and whether it can allow for true altruism.

Malika and Alicia are out shopping,when they are asked to contribute to AIDS research.Malika is happy because she just received an A- on her psychology exam,while Alicia is sad because she received a D.According to your text,who is most likely to contribute?

The crowded sidewalk is coated with ice.You feel a sharp pain and hear a cracking sound when you fall.You know that you've broken your leg.How might you overcome the bystander effect to ensure that you get help from passersby?

According to research on the effects of mood on helping,good moods are likely to _______ the odds that we will spontaneously help another,and bad moods are likely to _______ the odds that we will spontaneously help.

"Put yourself in my position," Janice whines."Can't you spare an hour to help me out?" Janice is attempting to evoke _______ when trying to persuade you to help her.

The concept of _______ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency looked concerned,other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.

When other bystanders are present,people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency._______ best explains why this is so.

Lessons learned from experimental research on the diffusion of responsibility suggest that Kitty Genovese might be alive today had

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free._______ is more likely to stop to help her out because _______.

Arthur Beaman and his colleagues (1978)exposed some students to a lecture on bystander intervention research and other students to a lecture on an unrelated topic.Two weeks later

Consider the following potential costs of helping: encounters with the police,physical harm,the loss of valuable time.All of these factors are most likely to influence whether

There is a _________ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the likelihood that he or she will ________ in the community.

According to reports (Rosenthal,1964),many of Kitty Genovese's unresponsive neighbours did hear her crying out,"Oh my God,he stabbed me! Please help me! Please help me!" This suggests that the reason that her neighbours failed to intervene followed from

The _______ hypothesis refers to the idea that people will often help to alleviate their own sadness and distress.

The bystander effect (Latané & Darley,1970)represents a _______ approach to the study of prosocial behaviours.

According to evolutionary psychologists,why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency?

Introduction to Social Psychology

Methodology

Social Cognition

Social Perception

The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Attitudes and Attitude Change

Conformity

Group Processes

Interpersonal Attraction

Aggression

Prejudice

Social Psychology in Action 1

Social Psychology in Action 2

Social Psychology in Action 3

Filters

According to research on the effects of mood on helping,good moods are likely to _ the odds that we will spontaneously help another,and bad moods are likely to _ the odds that we will spontaneously help.

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free._ is more likely to stop to help her out because _.

There is a _ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the likelihood that he or she will in the community.