Question 1

What does it mean to say that the genetic code is redundant?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is more than one kind of amino acid in proteins. 
B)  More than one rRNA can bind to the ribosome at the same time. 
C)  A codon is composed of more than one nucleotide. 
D)  More than one codon can specify the same amino acid. 
E)  All products of translation contain a certain minimum number of mistakes, called mutations. 
A)  There is more than one kind of amino acid in proteins. 
B)  More than one rRNA can bind to the ribosome at the same time. 
C)  A codon is composed of more than one nucleotide. 
D)  More than one codon can specify the same amino acid. 
E)  All products of translation contain a certain minimum number of mistakes, called mutations.

Question 2

What are the functions of the different types of RNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

mRNA encodes proteins. rRNA is a compone

Question 3

Where is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence located and what is it responsible for?

Accepted Answer

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is found in

Question 4

E. coli is being used to study various agents that inhibit protein synthesis. One agent binds the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit and prevents peptide bond formation. No new proteins are produced. To which antibiotic is this agent likely related?

Accepted Answer

A)  chloramphenicol 
B)  streptomycin 
C)  puromycin 
D)  tetracycline 
E)  erythromycin 
A)  chloramphenicol 
B)  streptomycin 
C)  puromycin 
D)  tetracycline 
E)  erythromycin

Question 5

The RpoD sigma-70 factor of E. coli recognizes promoters for

Accepted Answer

A)  stress-response genes. 
B)  motility and chemotaxis genes. 
C)  "housekeeping" genes. 
D)  heat shock-induced genes. 
E)  genes for nitrogen metabolism. 
A)  stress-response genes. 
B)  motility and chemotaxis genes. 
C)  "housekeeping" genes. 
D)  heat shock-induced genes. 
E)  genes for nitrogen metabolism.

Question 6

Both codons and anticodons

Accepted Answer

A)  are part of tRNA. 
B)  are sequences of DNA three nucleotides long. 
C)  are identical RNA sequences. 
D)  are complementary RNA sequences. 
E)  interact with tmRNA in order to function. 
A)  are part of tRNA. 
B)  are sequences of DNA three nucleotides long. 
C)  are identical RNA sequences. 
D)  are complementary RNA sequences. 
E)  interact with tmRNA in order to function.

Question 7

Since ribosomes do not translate to the end of the mRNA, what causes translation to end?

Accepted Answer

A stop codon marks the end of the coding

Question 8

Beta-lactamases are proteins found in many bacteria that can degrade beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin. Families of these proteins are coded by genes with similar sequences even though they are found in a variety of bacteria. These genes would be considered to be

Accepted Answer

A)  paralog. 
B)  orthologs. 
C)  open reading frames (ORFs). 
D)  introns. 
E)  aligned sequences. 
A)  paralog. 
B)  orthologs. 
C)  open reading frames (ORFs). 
D)  introns. 
E)  aligned sequences.

Question 9

After tmRNA releases an mRNA and aberrant polypeptide from a stuck ribosome,

Accepted Answer

A)  clpX tags the peptide for destruction. 
B)  sspB tags the peptide for destruction. 
C)  tmRNA then destroys the peptide. 
D)  tmRNA ubiquitinates the peptide. 
E)  sspB recognizes a proteolysis tag and delivers the peptide to clpX for degradation. 
A)  clpX tags the peptide for destruction. 
B)  sspB tags the peptide for destruction. 
C)  tmRNA then destroys the peptide. 
D)  tmRNA ubiquitinates the peptide. 
E)  sspB recognizes a proteolysis tag and delivers the peptide to clpX for degradation.

Question 10

The charging of tRNAs is carried out by a set of enzymes called ________ synthetases.

Accepted Answer

A)  ribozymes 
B)  aminoacyl-tRNA 
C)  peptidyl 
D)  proteases 
E)  polymerases 
A)  ribozymes 
B)  aminoacyl-tRNA 
C)  peptidyl 
D)  proteases 
E)  polymerases

Question 11

In the figure below, which label represents the Shine Delgarno site?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  -35 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  -35

Question 12

E. coli is being used in order to study various agents that inhibit protein synthesis. An agent will bind the 16S RNA of the 30S subunit and block aminoacyl tRNA from entering the ribosome. This agent is most likely related to

Accepted Answer

A)  chloramphenicol. 
B)  streptomycin. 
C)  puromycin. 
D)  tetracycline. 
E)  erythromycin. 
A)  chloramphenicol. 
B)  streptomycin. 
C)  puromycin. 
D)  tetracycline. 
E)  erythromycin.

Question 13

A consensus sequence of any genetic element is

Accepted Answer

A)  sequences that are rarely found in nature. 
B)  the sequence with the most likely base (or bases) at each position. 
C)  hairpins in RNA to slow down or stop transcription. 
D)  sequences to which ribosomes bind. 
E)  primer sequences used to initiate transcription. 
A)  sequences that are rarely found in nature. 
B)  the sequence with the most likely base (or bases) at each position. 
C)  hairpins in RNA to slow down or stop transcription. 
D)  sequences to which ribosomes bind. 
E)  primer sequences used to initiate transcription.

Question 14

Which of the following are required for the termination of translation?

Accepted Answer

A)  sRNAs 
B)  degrons 
C)  TolC proteins 
D)  release factors 
E)  ubiquitins 
A)  sRNAs 
B)  degrons 
C)  TolC proteins 
D)  release factors 
E)  ubiquitins

Question 15

Resistance to the protein synthesis antibiotics can be carried out by all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  the use of an acetyltransferase to destroy activity. 
B)  immediate metabolization to gain ATP. 
C)  efflux pumps to move it out of the cell. 
D)  the use of phosphotransferases to chemically modify the antibiotic. 
E)  mutations in genes for the bacterial target so antibiotics can no longer bind. 
A)  the use of an acetyltransferase to destroy activity. 
B)  immediate metabolization to gain ATP. 
C)  efflux pumps to move it out of the cell. 
D)  the use of phosphotransferases to chemically modify the antibiotic. 
E)  mutations in genes for the bacterial target so antibiotics can no longer bind.

Question 16

The process of taking a DNA template and making a complementary RNA molecule is called

Accepted Answer

A)  transposition. 
B)  transertion. 
C)  replication. 
D)  translation. 
E)  transcription. 
A)  transposition. 
B)  transertion. 
C)  replication. 
D)  translation. 
E)  transcription.

Question 17

Examine the DNA sequence shown below. How many possible reading frames does this piece of DNA have? Explain where they are. Which one can be used and how do you know?
5'-AGTCGATCGAACGGTCATCG-3'
3'-TCAGCTAGCTTGCCAGTAGC-5'

Accepted Answer

There are six possible reading frames in

Question 18

Molecules of sRNA do not encode proteins but are used to ________ the stability or translation of specific mRNAs into proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  start 
B)  regulate 
C)  stop 
D)  speed up 
E)  slow down 
A)  start 
B)  regulate 
C)  stop 
D)  speed up 
E)  slow down

Question 19

Explain how a type I secretion system works. Are the secreted proteins ever in periplasmic space?

Accepted Answer

A type I secretion system is comprised o

Question 20

Why is protein degradation necessary to maintain cellular health?

Accepted Answer

Many proteins are only needed at certain

Exam 8: Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

What does it mean to say that the genetic code is redundant?

What are the functions of the different types of RNA molecules?

Where is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence located and what is it responsible for?

E. coli is being used to study various agents that inhibit protein synthesis. One agent binds the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit and prevents peptide bond formation. No new proteins are produced. To which antibiotic is this agent likely related?

The RpoD sigma-70 factor of E. coli recognizes promoters for

Both codons and anticodons

Since ribosomes do not translate to the end of the mRNA, what causes translation to end?

Beta-lactamases are proteins found in many bacteria that can degrade beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin. Families of these proteins are coded by genes with similar sequences even though they are found in a variety of bacteria. These genes would be considered to be

After tmRNA releases an mRNA and aberrant polypeptide from a stuck ribosome,

The charging of tRNAs is carried out by a set of enzymes called ________ synthetases.

In the figure below, which label represents the Shine Delgarno site?

E. coli is being used in order to study various agents that inhibit protein synthesis. An agent will bind the 16S RNA of the 30S subunit and block aminoacyl tRNA from entering the ribosome. This agent is most likely related to

A consensus sequence of any genetic element is

Which of the following are required for the termination of translation?

Resistance to the protein synthesis antibiotics can be carried out by all of the following EXCEPT

The process of taking a DNA template and making a complementary RNA molecule is called

Examine the DNA sequence shown below. How many possible reading frames does this piece of DNA have? Explain where they are. Which one can be used and how do you know? 5'-AGTCGATCGAACGGTCATCG-3' 3'-TCAGCTAGCTTGCCAGTAGC-5'

Molecules of sRNA do not encode proteins but are used to ________ the stability or translation of specific mRNAs into proteins.

Explain how a type I secretion system works. Are the secreted proteins ever in periplasmic space?

Why is protein degradation necessary to maintain cellular health?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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