Question 1

In cytochromes, the heme group plays a key role in acquiring and transferring electrons with a(n) __________ transition.

Accepted Answer

A)  Mg0/Mg2+ 
B)  S0/S2- 
C)  Cu+/Cu2+ 
D)  Fe3+/Fe2+ 
E)  Mn0/Mn2+ 
A)  Mg0/Mg2+ 
B)  S0/S2- 
C)  Cu+/Cu2+ 
D)  Fe3+/Fe2+ 
E)  Mn0/Mn2+

Question 2

Enzymes transferring electrons at the start of the ETS are referred to as __________, whereas enzymes transferring electrons to the terminal electron acceptor are designated as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  dehydrogenases; oxidases 
B)  oxidases; dehydrogenases 
C)  sulfatases; nitrogenases 
D)  permeases; proton pumps 
E)  lyases; hydrolases 
A)  dehydrogenases; oxidases 
B)  oxidases; dehydrogenases 
C)  sulfatases; nitrogenases 
D)  permeases; proton pumps 
E)  lyases; hydrolases

Question 3

The F₁Fₒ ATP synthase is a remarkably complex enzyme, its subunit structure highly conserved across life domains. Is it possible to use this enzyme as an antibiotic target?

Accepted Answer

Differences among prokaryotic F₁Fₒ ATPas

Question 4

What is dissimilatory metal reduction? How is it different from assimilatory metal reduction? Is there application of the dissimilatory metal reduction phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Dissimilatory metal reduction is an impo

Question 5

The reduction of U⁶⁺ to U⁴⁺ by Geobacter metallireducens is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  assimilatory metal reduction. 
B)  fermentation. 
C)  dissimilatory metal reduction. 
D)  organotrophy. 
E)  lithotrophy. 
A)  assimilatory metal reduction. 
B)  fermentation. 
C)  dissimilatory metal reduction. 
D)  organotrophy. 
E)  lithotrophy.

Question 6

While testing the chemiosmotic theory, researchers prepared "inside-out" vesicles from bacterial cells, mitochondrial internal membranes, and chloroplast thylakoids. In an inside-out vesicle, the F₁ subunit of the proton-ATPase faces outward. Using the figure below, briefly discuss how the use of inside-out vesicles helped to study the relative contributions of the proton gradient (∆pH) and the membrane potential ( $\Delta \Psi$ ) to∆ p.

Accepted Answer

(A) Inside-out vesicles are loaded with

Question 7

Neisseria species use dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium. How can this reaction be used to distinguish Neisseria gonorrhoeae from other related species?

Accepted Answer

A)  N. gonorrhoeae will test negative for terminal NO reductase. 
B)  N. gonorrhoeae will test positive for terminal NO reductase. 
C)  All Neisseria species test negative for terminal NO reductase. 
D)  All Neisseria species test positive for terminal NO reductase. 
E)  None of the enzymes involved in dissimilatory reduction of nitrate are known from species of Neisseria. 
A)  N. gonorrhoeae will test negative for terminal NO reductase. 
B)  N. gonorrhoeae will test positive for terminal NO reductase. 
C)  All Neisseria species test negative for terminal NO reductase. 
D)  All Neisseria species test positive for terminal NO reductase. 
E)  None of the enzymes involved in dissimilatory reduction of nitrate are known from species of Neisseria.

Question 8

Cyanobacteria have __________-based photosynthesis and are the only __________-producing bacteria.

Accepted Answer

A)  H2S; S0 
B)  Mg2+; NO 
C)  H2O; O2 
D)  succinate; O2 
E)  fumarate; O2 
A)  H2S; S0 
B)  Mg2+; NO 
C)  H2O; O2 
D)  succinate; O2 
E)  fumarate; O2

Question 9

Some Escherichia coli mutants can use nitrate (NO) as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. A researcher wants to test the hypothesis that such a mutant obtained in a laboratory can obtain energy from succinate as an electron donor. Her proposed hypothesis is based on energy production from the redox pairs succinate/fumarate and nitrate/nitrite. Predict her calculations and determine if succinate oxidation to fumarate coupled to nitrite (NO) formation can yield some energy for growth as evidenced by an overall - $ \Delta $G°' of the coupled reactions.

Accepted Answer

The E°' values for the conversion of fum

Question 10

Reduction potential is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  the tendency for a compound to release H+ in solution. 
B)  the tendency for a compound to release OH- in solution. 
C)  the tendency of a compound to accept electrons. 
D)  the tendency of a compound to donate electrons. 
E)  a synonym for chemical valence. 
A)  the tendency for a compound to release H+ in solution. 
B)  the tendency for a compound to release OH- in solution. 
C)  the tendency of a compound to accept electrons. 
D)  the tendency of a compound to donate electrons. 
E)  a synonym for chemical valence.

Question 11

How does photosystem I allow Chlorobium and other green sulfur bacteria to live near deep-sea vents?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic photosystem I contains bacteri

Question 12

Protons can have different fates in bacterial ETS. Which of the following processes does NOT affect the proton motive force ( $ \Delta $p)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protons are pumped across the membrane (H+) by oxidoreductase complexes. 
B)  Protons are consumed from the cytoplasm by the quinone/quinol pool. 
C)  Protons are released outside the membrane from the quinone/quinol pool. 
D)  Protons are consumed by combining with terminal electron acceptors such as O2. 
E)  Protons combining with O2, used as a terminal acceptor, compensate protons released by catabolic pathways. 
A)  Protons are pumped across the membrane (H+) by oxidoreductase complexes. 
B)  Protons are consumed from the cytoplasm by the quinone/quinol pool. 
C)  Protons are released outside the membrane from the quinone/quinol pool. 
D)  Protons are consumed by combining with terminal electron acceptors such as O2. 
E)  Protons combining with O2, used as a terminal acceptor, compensate protons released by catabolic pathways.

Question 13

Some respiratory bacteria, such as the nitrate oxidizer, nitospira, pack their ETS within intracytoplasmic pockets called

Accepted Answer

A)  insoluable particles. 
B)  mitochondrial inner membrane. 
C)  inner membrane space. 
D)  cristae. 
E)  lamellae. 
A)  insoluable particles. 
B)  mitochondrial inner membrane. 
C)  inner membrane space. 
D)  cristae. 
E)  lamellae.

Question 14

The anammox reaction consists of __________ and, as a consequence, __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reduction of sulfate by ammonia; sulfur and nitrogen are incorporated into amino acids 
B)  reduction of ammonium to form nitrite; plants can absorb nitrite 
C)  anaerobic ammonium oxidation by nitrite; large amounts of N2 are released into the atmosphere 
D)  reduction of ammonium by water; ammonium becomes ammonia 
E)  reduction of N2 to ammonium; nitrogen atoms are incorporated into amino acids 
A)  reduction of sulfate by ammonia; sulfur and nitrogen are incorporated into amino acids 
B)  reduction of ammonium to form nitrite; plants can absorb nitrite 
C)  anaerobic ammonium oxidation by nitrite; large amounts of N2 are released into the atmosphere 
D)  reduction of ammonium by water; ammonium becomes ammonia 
E)  reduction of N2 to ammonium; nitrogen atoms are incorporated into amino acids

Question 15

The following are cellular processes that can be directly powered by the proton motivo force ( $ \Delta $ p), EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP biosynthesis from ADP and Pi. 
B)  flagellar rotation. 
C)  nutrient uptake. 
D)  drug efflux in some pathogens. 
E)  protein biosynthesis. 
A)  ATP biosynthesis from ADP and Pi. 
B)  flagellar rotation. 
C)  nutrient uptake. 
D)  drug efflux in some pathogens. 
E)  protein biosynthesis.

Question 16

Why and how is it that mitochondria have only a single electron transport system (ETS), unlike many bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria have the advantage of exist

Question 17

The direction of the proton current in the chloroplast F₁Fₒ ATP synthase during ATP synthesis is from

Accepted Answer

A)  stroma to cytoplasm. 
B)  cytoplasm to stroma. 
C)  lumen to stroma. 
D)  stroma to lumen. 
E)  one thylakoid to another through their lumen. 
A)  stroma to cytoplasm. 
B)  cytoplasm to stroma. 
C)  lumen to stroma. 
D)  stroma to lumen. 
E)  one thylakoid to another through their lumen.

Question 18

What is the chromophore group in bacteriorhodopsin?

Accepted Answer

A)  tocopherol 
B)  β-carotene 
C)  folic acid 
D)  retinal 
E)  chlorophyll 
A)  tocopherol 
B)  β-carotene 
C)  folic acid 
D)  retinal 
E)  chlorophyll

Question 19

111
-The following groups or molecules are components of electron transport systems, EXCEPT
a. heme b.
b. $ \lceil 2 \mathrm{Fe}-2 \mathrm{~S}\rceil $ and $ \lceil 4 \mathrm{Fe}-4 \mathrm{~S}\rceil $ iron-sulfur clusters.
c. quinones.
d. flavin mononucleotide.
e. acetyl-S-CoA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of 111
-The following groups or molecules are components...

Question 20

In dehalorespiration of chlorinated pollutants, the chlorine is removed and replaced by

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrogen. 
B)  oxygen. 
C)  nitrogen. 
D)  sulfur. 
E)  ammonia. 
A)  hydrogen. 
B)  oxygen. 
C)  nitrogen. 
D)  sulfur. 
E)  ammonia.

Exam 14: Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

In cytochromes, the heme group plays a key role in acquiring and transferring electrons with a(n) __________ transition.

Enzymes transferring electrons at the start of the ETS are referred to as __________, whereas enzymes transferring electrons to the terminal electron acceptor are designated as __________.

The F₁Fₒ ATP synthase is a remarkably complex enzyme, its subunit structure highly conserved across life domains. Is it possible to use this enzyme as an antibiotic target?

What is dissimilatory metal reduction? How is it different from assimilatory metal reduction? Is there application of the dissimilatory metal reduction phenomenon?

The reduction of U⁶⁺ to U⁴⁺ by Geobacter metallireducens is an example of

Neisseria species use dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium. How can this reaction be used to distinguish Neisseria gonorrhoeae from other related species?

Cyanobacteria have __________-based photosynthesis and are the only __________-producing bacteria.

Reduction potential is defined as

How does photosystem I allow Chlorobium and other green sulfur bacteria to live near deep-sea vents?

Protons can have different fates in bacterial ETS. Which of the following processes does NOT affect the proton motive force ( Δ \Delta Δ p)?

Some respiratory bacteria, such as the nitrate oxidizer, nitospira, pack their ETS within intracytoplasmic pockets called

The anammox reaction consists of __________ and, as a consequence, __________.

The following are cellular processes that can be directly powered by the proton motivo force ( Δ \Delta Δ p), EXCEPT

Why and how is it that mitochondria have only a single electron transport system (ETS), unlike many bacteria?

The direction of the proton current in the chloroplast F₁Fₒ ATP synthase during ATP synthesis is from

What is the chromophore group in bacteriorhodopsin?

In dehalorespiration of chlorinated pollutants, the chlorine is removed and replaced by

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

Enzymes transferring electrons at the start of the ETS are referred to as , whereas enzymes transferring electrons to the terminal electron acceptor are designated as .

Cyanobacteria have -based photosynthesis and are the only -producing bacteria.

Protons can have different fates in bacterial ETS. Which of the following processes does NOT affect the proton motive force ( $\Delta$ p)?

The anammox reaction consists of and, as a consequence, .

The following are cellular processes that can be directly powered by the proton motivo force ( $\Delta$ p), EXCEPT