Question 1

Probability sampling, in general, is when:

Accepted Answer

A)  experimenters select participants from specific strata or subpopulations. 
B)  everyone in a given population has an equal chance of selection for participation. 
C)  participants are asked to recruit other participants for the study. 
D)  participants are selected because they are readily available to the researcher. 
A)  experimenters select participants from specific strata or subpopulations. 
B)  everyone in a given population has an equal chance of selection for participation. 
C)  participants are asked to recruit other participants for the study. 
D)  participants are selected because they are readily available to the researcher. B

Question 2

If Mauricio intentionally sets his television to begin recording his selected programming 10 minutes ahead of schedule, he has purposely created which type of error?

Accepted Answer

A)  random error 
B)  bias 
C)  social desirability error 
D)  demand characteristics 
A)  random error 
B)  bias 
C)  social desirability error 
D)  demand characteristics B

Question 3

_____ is the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure.

Accepted Answer

A)  Reliability 
B)  Validity 
C)  Standardization 
D)  Bias 
A)  Reliability 
B)  Validity 
C)  Standardization 
D)  Bias B

Question 4

Consistency is to reliability as:

Accepted Answer

A)  accuracy is to validity. 
B)  accuracy is to bias. 
C)  standardization is to consistency. 
D)  bias is to validity. 
A)  accuracy is to validity. 
B)  accuracy is to bias. 
C)  standardization is to consistency. 
D)  bias is to validity.

Question 5

(Scenario II) The questions the researchers in Scenario II asked participants to assess depression came from the Geriatric Depression Scale, a widely used instrument known to accurately quantify depression in the elderly population. With this information, you conclude that their assessment of depression is:

Accepted Answer

A)  acceptable. 
B)  valid. 
C)  effective. 
D)  precise. 
A)  acceptable. 
B)  valid. 
C)  effective. 
D)  precise.

Question 6

In designing his study, Rashad knows that he does not have to worry about social desirability bias or demand characteristics if he uses _____ assessments.

Accepted Answer

A)  survey 
B)  behavioral trace 
C)  self-report 
D)  informant 
A)  survey 
B)  behavioral trace 
C)  self-report 
D)  informant

Question 7

A _____ is the entire group of interest in a research study, whereas a _____ is a subset of individuals from which the researcher collects data.

Accepted Answer

A)  sample; population 
B)  sample; quasi-experimental variable 
C)  population; sample 
D)  population; quasi-experimental variable 
A)  sample; population 
B)  sample; quasi-experimental variable 
C)  population; sample 
D)  population; quasi-experimental variable

Question 8

If a researcher wanted to minimize participant reactivity, which one of the following would he/she want to employ?

Accepted Answer

A)  a one-way mirror 
B)  self-report measures 
C)  a research lab as opposed to a natural setting 
D)  visible recording equipment 
A)  a one-way mirror 
B)  self-report measures 
C)  a research lab as opposed to a natural setting 
D)  visible recording equipment

Question 9

Dr. Currie is interested in developing a means of diagnosing an anxiety disorder based solely on the presence of a persistently elevated heart rate and unusually high levels of cortisol. Dr. Currie is mostly interested in utilizing which of the following in his pursuit of diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral trace 
B)  behavioral observation 
C)  physiological measures 
D)  behavioral choice 
A)  behavioral trace 
B)  behavioral observation 
C)  physiological measures 
D)  behavioral choice

Question 10

What is a quasi-independent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  a variable that is manipulated by the researcher 
B)  a variable that is measured by the researcher 
C)  a variable that is treated as if it was manipulated by the researcher even though it wasn't 
D)  a variable that is treated as if it was measured by the researcher even though it wasn't 
A)  a variable that is manipulated by the researcher 
B)  a variable that is measured by the researcher 
C)  a variable that is treated as if it was manipulated by the researcher even though it wasn't 
D)  a variable that is treated as if it was measured by the researcher even though it wasn't

Question 11

(Scenario III) Suppose you are a confederate of this study and become a roommate of a Christian student who reports high religiosity and appears to exhibit intergroup bias and outgroup discrimination. After living with him for some time you decide to examine the behavioral traces he leaves that may provide evidence of his intergroup bias. Which of the following behavioral traces may be MOST informative for the goal of this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  church pamphlets describing the best allies for his particular church 
B)  church pamphlets describing what kind of people their followers should recruit for their church 
C)  your roommate's diary, which describes the women he has dated and the women he has not yet dated 
D)  a list of Christian-friendly individuals and a list of Christian-unfriendly individuals 
A)  church pamphlets describing the best allies for his particular church 
B)  church pamphlets describing what kind of people their followers should recruit for their church 
C)  your roommate's diary, which describes the women he has dated and the women he has not yet dated 
D)  a list of Christian-friendly individuals and a list of Christian-unfriendly individuals

Question 12

A sampling plan is:

Accepted Answer

A)  a loose approximation of how experimenters will recruit participants from the sample. 
B)  an explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the sample. 
C)  an explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the population. 
D)  a loose approximation of how experimenters will recruit participants from the population. 
A)  a loose approximation of how experimenters will recruit participants from the sample. 
B)  an explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the sample. 
C)  an explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the population. 
D)  a loose approximation of how experimenters will recruit participants from the population.

Question 13

The most common form of probability sampling is:

Accepted Answer

A)  simple random sampling. 
B)  convenience sampling. 
C)  stratified random sampling. 
D)  cluster random sampling. 
A)  simple random sampling. 
B)  convenience sampling. 
C)  stratified random sampling. 
D)  cluster random sampling.

Question 14

Jabari wants to understand why some people perform better in front of an audience and others do not. In order to investigate this research question he has participants run as fast as they can while alone or in the presence of an audience. What type of research design is Jabari using?

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral trace 
B)  self-report 
C)  behavioral observation 
D)  physiological measure 
A)  behavioral trace 
B)  self-report 
C)  behavioral observation 
D)  physiological measure

Question 15

Misdirection can often _____ demand characteristics, as it makes the actual purpose of the study _____ to figure out.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; easier 
B)  increase; harder 
C)  decrease; easier 
D)  decrease; harder 
A)  increase; easier 
B)  increase; harder 
C)  decrease; easier 
D)  decrease; harder

Question 16

(Scenario II) Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to how data were collected in Scenario II?

Accepted Answer

A)  The participants may not have enough self-knowledge to accurately report their thoughts and feelings. 
B)  The participants may have downplayed their depression and overstated their social life and family ties. 
C)  Given the age of the participants, their answers may be subject to retrospective bias. 
D)  All of the above are potential disadvantages. 
A)  The participants may not have enough self-knowledge to accurately report their thoughts and feelings. 
B)  The participants may have downplayed their depression and overstated their social life and family ties. 
C)  Given the age of the participants, their answers may be subject to retrospective bias. 
D)  All of the above are potential disadvantages.

Question 17

As a psychology professor who is also a researcher, you notice that your own students sometimes end up as participants in your research studies. Assuming that they want to impress you, which of the following should you worry about?

Accepted Answer

A)  retrospective bias 
B)  participant reactivity 
C)  demand characteristics 
D)  behavioral trace 
A)  retrospective bias 
B)  participant reactivity 
C)  demand characteristics 
D)  behavioral trace

Question 18

Ceiling effect is to upper boundary as:

Accepted Answer

A)  elevator effect is to no boundary. 
B)  elevator effect is to arbitrary boundary. 
C)  floor effect is to lower boundary. 
D)  floor effect is to highest boundary. 
A)  elevator effect is to no boundary. 
B)  elevator effect is to arbitrary boundary. 
C)  floor effect is to lower boundary. 
D)  floor effect is to highest boundary.

Question 19

The _____ occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too low, leading most participants to select the highest response.

Accepted Answer

A)  ceiling effect 
B)  floor effect 
C)  elevator effect 
D)  door effect 
A)  ceiling effect 
B)  floor effect 
C)  elevator effect 
D)  door effect

Question 20

Purposive sampling is used when:

Accepted Answer

A)  there are a limited number of people with expertise in a given area. 
B)  when there are certain subgroups of interest within the population. 
C)  when researchers need to meet a quota. 
D)  when researchers want a representative sample to draw unbiased conclusions about the population. 
A)  there are a limited number of people with expertise in a given area. 
B)  when there are certain subgroups of interest within the population. 
C)  when researchers need to meet a quota. 
D)  when researchers want a representative sample to draw unbiased conclusions about the population.

Probability sampling, in general, is when:

If Mauricio intentionally sets his television to begin recording his selected programming 10 minutes ahead of schedule, he has purposely created which type of error?

_____ is the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure.

Consistency is to reliability as:

In designing his study, Rashad knows that he does not have to worry about social desirability bias or demand characteristics if he uses _____ assessments.

A _ is the entire group of interest in a research study, whereas a _ is a subset of individuals from which the researcher collects data.

If a researcher wanted to minimize participant reactivity, which one of the following would he/she want to employ?

Dr. Currie is interested in developing a means of diagnosing an anxiety disorder based solely on the presence of a persistently elevated heart rate and unusually high levels of cortisol. Dr. Currie is mostly interested in utilizing which of the following in his pursuit of diagnosis?

What is a quasi-independent variable?

A sampling plan is:

The most common form of probability sampling is:

Jabari wants to understand why some people perform better in front of an audience and others do not. In order to investigate this research question he has participants run as fast as they can while alone or in the presence of an audience. What type of research design is Jabari using?

Misdirection can often _ demand characteristics, as it makes the actual purpose of the study _ to figure out.

(Scenario II) Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to how data were collected in Scenario II?

As a psychology professor who is also a researcher, you notice that your own students sometimes end up as participants in your research studies. Assuming that they want to impress you, which of the following should you worry about?

Ceiling effect is to upper boundary as:

The _____ occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too low, leading most participants to select the highest response.

Purposive sampling is used when:

Psychology As a Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions

Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Multigroup Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Within-Subjects Design: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Factorial Design: I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours Do Pick-Up Lines Really Work

Mixed Design: Which Therapy Is Best for Treating Eating Disorders

Using Research in the Real World: How Do You Know If You Are Truly Helping

Filters

Exam 4: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

Probability sampling, in general, is when:

If Mauricio intentionally sets his television to begin recording his selected programming 10 minutes ahead of schedule, he has purposely created which type of error?

_____ is the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure.

Consistency is to reliability as:

In designing his study, Rashad knows that he does not have to worry about social desirability bias or demand characteristics if he uses _____ assessments.

A _____ is the entire group of interest in a research study, whereas a _____ is a subset of individuals from which the researcher collects data.

If a researcher wanted to minimize participant reactivity, which one of the following would he/she want to employ?

Dr. Currie is interested in developing a means of diagnosing an anxiety disorder based solely on the presence of a persistently elevated heart rate and unusually high levels of cortisol. Dr. Currie is mostly interested in utilizing which of the following in his pursuit of diagnosis?

What is a quasi-independent variable?

A sampling plan is:

The most common form of probability sampling is:

Jabari wants to understand why some people perform better in front of an audience and others do not. In order to investigate this research question he has participants run as fast as they can while alone or in the presence of an audience. What type of research design is Jabari using?

Misdirection can often _____ demand characteristics, as it makes the actual purpose of the study _____ to figure out.

(Scenario II) Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to how data were collected in Scenario II?

As a psychology professor who is also a researcher, you notice that your own students sometimes end up as participants in your research studies. Assuming that they want to impress you, which of the following should you worry about?

Ceiling effect is to upper boundary as:

The _____ occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too low, leading most participants to select the highest response.

Purposive sampling is used when:

Psychology As a Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions

Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Multigroup Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Within-Subjects Design: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Factorial Design: I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours Do Pick-Up Lines Really Work

Mixed Design: Which Therapy Is Best for Treating Eating Disorders

Using Research in the Real World: How Do You Know If You Are Truly Helping

Filters

A _ is the entire group of interest in a research study, whereas a _ is a subset of individuals from which the researcher collects data.

Misdirection can often _ demand characteristics, as it makes the actual purpose of the study _ to figure out.