Question 1

According to cognitive psychologists, which of the following is most accurate regarding the roles of teachers and students in learning?

Accepted Answer

A) students always construct their own knowledge. 
B) teachers can organize information so that it is learned. 
C) teachers should train students in visual imagery. 
D) students and teachers play an interactive role in learning. 
A) students always construct their own knowledge. 
B) teachers can organize information so that it is learned. 
C) teachers should train students in visual imagery. 
D) students and teachers play an interactive role in learning.

Question 2

Lucas is struggling to remember the Capital of Alberta on his geography test.Three of the following are factors that are likely to affect retrieval.Which one is not?

Accepted Answer

A) using knowledge frequently 
B) using multiple mnemonics 
C) employing a retrieval cue 
D) making multiple connections 
A) using knowledge frequently 
B) using multiple mnemonics 
C) employing a retrieval cue 
D) making multiple connections

Question 3

Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions correctly.Nora's difficulty "remembering" the difference between the two words can probably best be explained as:

Accepted Answer

A) failure to store in long-term memory. 
B) failure to retrieve from long-term memory. 
C) decay in long-term memory over time. 
D) reconstruction error during retrieval. 
A) failure to store in long-term memory. 
B) failure to retrieve from long-term memory. 
C) decay in long-term memory over time. 
D) reconstruction error during retrieval.

Question 4

Given what we know about the effects of retrieval cues on retrieval, in which one of the following situations are students most likely to remember how the word people is spelled?

Accepted Answer

A) Have students use the word people in a meaningful sentence. 
B) Give students four choices to pick from: peepal, peapul, pepull, and people. 
C) Have students close their eyes and try to recall what the word people looks like when they read. 
D) Have students concentrate very hard on how the word sounds as it is pronounced. 
A) Have students use the word people in a meaningful sentence. 
B) Give students four choices to pick from: peepal, peapul, pepull, and people. 
C) Have students close their eyes and try to recall what the word people looks like when they read. 
D) Have students concentrate very hard on how the word sounds as it is pronounced.

Question 5

Which of the following allows students to retrieve information most effortlessly?

Accepted Answer

A) creative variability. 
B) verbal mediator. 
C) elaboration. 
D) automaticity. 
A) creative variability. 
B) verbal mediator. 
C) elaboration. 
D) automaticity.

Question 6

Which one of the following is the best example of encoding while learning provincial capitals?

Accepted Answer

A) Charles tries to learn Edmonton, Alberta by thinking, "Edmund likes to play with Albert." 
B) Abigail tries to learn St.John's, Newfoundland by repeating "St.John's, Newfoundland" over and over to herself. 
C) Corey tries to learn Winnipeg, Manitoba by making sure he is relaxed before he studies it. 
D) Darcy tries to learn Halifax, Nova Scotia by having a tape recorder play "Halifax, Nova Scotia," over and over while she sleeps. 
A) Charles tries to learn Edmonton, Alberta by thinking, "Edmund likes to play with Albert." 
B) Abigail tries to learn St.John's, Newfoundland by repeating "St.John's, Newfoundland" over and over to herself. 
C) Corey tries to learn Winnipeg, Manitoba by making sure he is relaxed before he studies it. 
D) Darcy tries to learn Halifax, Nova Scotia by having a tape recorder play "Halifax, Nova Scotia," over and over while she sleeps.

Question 7

Choose a topic on which you might give a short explanation or lecture (perhaps ten minutes in length) to your students.With effective memory storage processes in mind, describe three different strategies you might use to help students store the information in their long-term memories easily and effectively.Using information processing theory, give a theoretical rationale for each of the strategies you propose.

Accepted Answer

Effective strategies include these:
capt

Question 8

George does not know the days of the week.You want him to be able to recite all seven days in order, beginning with Sunday.Devise a superimposed meaningful structure you might use to help George remember them.

Accepted Answer

In this case, an appropriate superimpose

Question 9

According to cognitive psychologists, the pair of activities that most people would have trouble doing simultaneously is:

Accepted Answer

A) thinking about what to cook for dinner while combing one's hair. 
B) watching the evening news on television while studying for an exam. 
C) carrying on a conversation about the meaning of life while walking down the street. 
D) mentally planning a weekend camping trip while jogging. 
A) thinking about what to cook for dinner while combing one's hair. 
B) watching the evening news on television while studying for an exam. 
C) carrying on a conversation about the meaning of life while walking down the street. 
D) mentally planning a weekend camping trip while jogging.

Question 10

Three of the following strategies should help students remember academic material over the long run.Considering guidelines presented in the textbook, which one will not help them?

Accepted Answer

A) Students should review the material periodically over the course of several days or weeks. 
B) Students should engage in meaningful learning by relating the material to a situation in which they are likely to use it. 
C) Students should prevent interference by learning each piece of information at a different time. 
D) Students should elaborate by drawing inferences from the things they study. 
A) Students should review the material periodically over the course of several days or weeks. 
B) Students should engage in meaningful learning by relating the material to a situation in which they are likely to use it. 
C) Students should prevent interference by learning each piece of information at a different time. 
D) Students should elaborate by drawing inferences from the things they study.

Question 11

Which component of the memory system does the most work?

Accepted Answer

A) sensory register. 
B) long-term memory. 
C) short-term memory. 
D) encoding mechanism. 
A) sensory register. 
B) long-term memory. 
C) short-term memory. 
D) encoding mechanism.

Question 12

Which one of the following statements best describes an activation model of memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Information is more effectively encoded when it is acted out (for example, through role playing) at the time of storage. 
B) What you are thinking about is activated; other things stored in your memory are in an inactive state. 
C) You must repeat information several times if it is to be stored effectively. 
D) Different pieces of information in memory interact with one another, so that you often remember something differently than the way in which you stored it. 
A) Information is more effectively encoded when it is acted out (for example, through role playing) at the time of storage. 
B) What you are thinking about is activated; other things stored in your memory are in an inactive state. 
C) You must repeat information several times if it is to be stored effectively. 
D) Different pieces of information in memory interact with one another, so that you often remember something differently than the way in which you stored it.

Question 13

Richard is studying both French and Spanish.In the same week, he learns that the French word for "mother" is mère and that the Spanish word for "mother" is madre.One day his French teacher asks Richard, "Who is married to your father?" and Richard erroneously answers, "Madre." Richard's memory error can best be explained in terms of:

Accepted Answer

A) decay. 
B) interference. 
C) reconstruction error. 
D) failure to store 
A) decay. 
B) interference. 
C) reconstruction error. 
D) failure to store

Question 14

Ms.Hubert entered her fourth grade class in the division math competition where students are expected to solve complex math problems on the spot.Which of the following strategies should Ms.Hubert avoid?

Accepted Answer

A) providing retrieval cues for number facts. 
B) drill and practice exercises. 
C) review number facts often. 
D) have students construct their own retrieval cues. 
A) providing retrieval cues for number facts. 
B) drill and practice exercises. 
C) review number facts often. 
D) have students construct their own retrieval cues.

Question 15

Which one of the following situations reflects the typical duration of working memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Arnie remembers his locker combination throughout the entire school year.After summer vacation, however, he has forgotten it. 
B) Blake looks up the correct spelling of the word "fossil," repeats the letters once, and closes the dictionary.By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it. 
C) Cassie remembers most of the information that she has been learning about World War II in class this week, but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago. 
D) At noon, Darrell makes a mental list of the five homework assignments he needs to complete that night.At 3:00 he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five.However, by 7:00 p.m.he cannot remember two of the five assignments. 
A) Arnie remembers his locker combination throughout the entire school year.After summer vacation, however, he has forgotten it. 
B) Blake looks up the correct spelling of the word "fossil," repeats the letters once, and closes the dictionary.By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it. 
C) Cassie remembers most of the information that she has been learning about World War II in class this week, but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago. 
D) At noon, Darrell makes a mental list of the five homework assignments he needs to complete that night.At 3:00 he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five.However, by 7:00 p.m.he cannot remember two of the five assignments.

Question 16

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class.Gretchen's train of thought best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A) the interconnectedness of long-term memory. 
B) elaboration in working memory. 
C) reconstruction error in retrieval. 
D) encoding during long-term memory storage. 
A) the interconnectedness of long-term memory. 
B) elaboration in working memory. 
C) reconstruction error in retrieval. 
D) encoding during long-term memory storage.

Question 17

Which one of the following statements best describes how learners often acquire procedural knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A) Learners first learn it as declarative knowledge; with time and practice, it gradually becomes procedural knowledge. 
B) Learners first learn it initially as one or more auditory images; eventually, they recode it into visual images. 
C) Learners initially acquire it in an automatic "unthinking" form; eventually, it evolves into knowledge that they can talk about and describe. 
D) Learners are able to bypass working memory; the knowledge goes immediately from the sensory register into long-term memory. 
A) Learners first learn it as declarative knowledge; with time and practice, it gradually becomes procedural knowledge. 
B) Learners first learn it initially as one or more auditory images; eventually, they recode it into visual images. 
C) Learners initially acquire it in an automatic "unthinking" form; eventually, it evolves into knowledge that they can talk about and describe. 
D) Learners are able to bypass working memory; the knowledge goes immediately from the sensory register into long-term memory.

Question 18

Which one of the following teaching practices is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material?

Accepted Answer

A) Help them to locate Berlin on a map of Europe. 
B) Ask them how they might apply the principle that gas expands when heated. 
C) Ask them, "Who remembers what the chief exports of Japan are?" 
D) Say, "Yesterday we learned the safe way to hand a pair of sharp scissors to someone else.Who can show us how we learned to do that?" 
A) Help them to locate Berlin on a map of Europe. 
B) Ask them how they might apply the principle that gas expands when heated. 
C) Ask them, "Who remembers what the chief exports of Japan are?" 
D) Say, "Yesterday we learned the safe way to hand a pair of sharp scissors to someone else.Who can show us how we learned to do that?"

Question 19

When you are studying for a test, you may often try to find interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning.Cognitive psychologists call this process:

Accepted Answer

A) facilitative interference. 
B) organization. 
C) reconstruction in retrieval. 
D) automaticity. 
A) facilitative interference. 
B) organization. 
C) reconstruction in retrieval. 
D) automaticity.

Question 20

Which of the following is false regarding working memory?

Accepted Answer

A) it moves in one direction toward long-term memory. 
B) it has a limited capacity. 
C) it is also known as short-term memory. 
D) it is the processing centre for new information. 
A) it moves in one direction toward long-term memory. 
B) it has a limited capacity. 
C) it is also known as short-term memory. 
D) it is the processing centre for new information.

According to cognitive psychologists, which of the following is most accurate regarding the roles of teachers and students in learning?

Lucas is struggling to remember the Capital of Alberta on his geography test.Three of the following are factors that are likely to affect retrieval.Which one is not?

Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions correctly.Nora's difficulty "remembering" the difference between the two words can probably best be explained as:

Given what we know about the effects of retrieval cues on retrieval, in which one of the following situations are students most likely to remember how the word people is spelled?

Which of the following allows students to retrieve information most effortlessly?

Which one of the following is the best example of encoding while learning provincial capitals?

George does not know the days of the week.You want him to be able to recite all seven days in order, beginning with Sunday.Devise a superimposed meaningful structure you might use to help George remember them.

According to cognitive psychologists, the pair of activities that most people would have trouble doing simultaneously is:

Three of the following strategies should help students remember academic material over the long run.Considering guidelines presented in the textbook, which one will not help them?

Which component of the memory system does the most work?

Which one of the following statements best describes an activation model of memory?

Ms.Hubert entered her fourth grade class in the division math competition where students are expected to solve complex math problems on the spot.Which of the following strategies should Ms.Hubert avoid?

Which one of the following situations reflects the typical duration of working memory?

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class.Gretchen's train of thought best illustrates:

Which one of the following statements best describes how learners often acquire procedural knowledge?

Which one of the following teaching practices is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material?

When you are studying for a test, you may often try to find interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning.Cognitive psychologists call this process:

Which of the following is false regarding working memory?

Educational Psychology and Teacher Decision Making

Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Personal, Social, and Moral Development

Individual and Group Differences

Learning and Behaviour Processes

Knowledge Construction

Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Motivation, Affect, and Cognition

Instructional Strategies

Creating and Maintaining a Productive Classroom Environment

Instructional Assessment

Describing Relationships with Correlation Coefficients

Filters

Exam 6: Learning and Cognitive Processes

According to cognitive psychologists, which of the following is most accurate regarding the roles of teachers and students in learning?

Lucas is struggling to remember the Capital of Alberta on his geography test.Three of the following are factors that are likely to affect retrieval.Which one is not?

Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions correctly.Nora's difficulty "remembering" the difference between the two words can probably best be explained as:

Given what we know about the effects of retrieval cues on retrieval, in which one of the following situations are students most likely to remember how the word people is spelled?

Which of the following allows students to retrieve information most effortlessly?

Which one of the following is the best example of encoding while learning provincial capitals?

George does not know the days of the week.You want him to be able to recite all seven days in order, beginning with Sunday.Devise a superimposed meaningful structure you might use to help George remember them.

According to cognitive psychologists, the pair of activities that most people would have trouble doing simultaneously is:

Three of the following strategies should help students remember academic material over the long run.Considering guidelines presented in the textbook, which one will not help them?

Which component of the memory system does the most work?

Which one of the following statements best describes an activation model of memory?

Ms.Hubert entered her fourth grade class in the division math competition where students are expected to solve complex math problems on the spot.Which of the following strategies should Ms.Hubert avoid?

Which one of the following situations reflects the typical duration of working memory?

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class.Gretchen's train of thought best illustrates:

Which one of the following statements best describes how learners often acquire procedural knowledge?

Which one of the following teaching practices is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material?

When you are studying for a test, you may often try to find interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning.Cognitive psychologists call this process:

Which of the following is false regarding working memory?

Educational Psychology and Teacher Decision Making

Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Personal, Social, and Moral Development

Individual and Group Differences

Learning and Behaviour Processes

Knowledge Construction

Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Motivation, Affect, and Cognition

Instructional Strategies

Creating and Maintaining a Productive Classroom Environment

Instructional Assessment

Describing Relationships with Correlation Coefficients

Filters