Exam 13: How Populations Evolve

The fossil record suggests that whales ________.

Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?

Examine the evolutionary tree below.This tree tells us that the amnion is found in ________.

Read the following scenario to answer the questions that follow. In order to test the susceptibility of bacteria to an antibiotic, a common laboratory test called the Bauer-Kirby Disk Diffusion test is used. First, a petri dish (a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid) is partially filled with nutrient-enriched agar (a gelatinous material). The nutrients encourage growth of specific bacterial species. The agar is poured as liquid but then typically solidifies to a soft consistency. Once the agar is set, a "lawn" of bacteria is spread such that a thin layer covers the top of the agar. Antibiotics are then applied to the lawn in a small dose, often through small saturated paper disks. The dish is typically incubated for 24-48 hours and then observed for susceptibility. If the antibiotic is effective, it will kill the bacteria and leave a clear area called the "zone of inhibition" due to inhibited bacterial growth. The area starts at the source of the antibiotic and radiates outward. Scientists measure the diameter of the zone and then compare it to an established "cutoff value" for a zone specific to antibiotic/organism combinations. A large zone of inhibition in comparison to the standard indicates susceptibility while a small or no zone indicates resistance. Consider the following image, and answer the questions that follow: -After 1 year of widely prescribed use,reports surface that bacterial infections disappear for up to 2 weeks after taking the prescribed antibiotic but then reappear,sometimes worse than the first time.Which of the following explanations might the FDA use to defend their choice of antibiotic to treat the infection?

Which one of the following will prevent significant genetic drift?

Read the following scenario to answer the questions that follow. In order to test the susceptibility of bacteria to an antibiotic, a common laboratory test called the Bauer-Kirby Disk Diffusion test is used. First, a petri dish (a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid) is partially filled with nutrient-enriched agar (a gelatinous material). The nutrients encourage growth of specific bacterial species. The agar is poured as liquid but then typically solidifies to a soft consistency. Once the agar is set, a "lawn" of bacteria is spread such that a thin layer covers the top of the agar. Antibiotics are then applied to the lawn in a small dose, often through small saturated paper disks. The dish is typically incubated for 24-48 hours and then observed for susceptibility. If the antibiotic is effective, it will kill the bacteria and leave a clear area called the "zone of inhibition" due to inhibited bacterial growth. The area starts at the source of the antibiotic and radiates outward. Scientists measure the diameter of the zone and then compare it to an established "cutoff value" for a zone specific to antibiotic/organism combinations. A large zone of inhibition in comparison to the standard indicates susceptibility while a small or no zone indicates resistance. Consider the following image, and answer the questions that follow: -After rigorous testing,the Federal Drug Administration (FDA)must decide which of the four antibiotics to approve to fight a bacterial infection that results in high fevers and localized rashes.Which antibiotic do you predict that the FDA scientists will likely approve?

During his trip on the Beagle,Darwin found that ________.

What does evolutionary fitness measure?

Scenario Questions Read the following scenario to answer the following questions. Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines, and some species have become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. -When most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining populations are widely separated,we expect to see that ________.

Which one of the following can create new alleles?

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes)than the human population as a whole?

The figure below shows what happens in insect populations when crops are sprayed with insecticides.This is an example of ________.

Examine the relationships between the elephants in the figure below.Which one of the following pairs is most closely related?

In the Hardy-Weinberg formula,what does 2pq represent?

What leads paleontologists to hypothesize that whales evolved from wolf-like carnivores?

Which of the following are homologous?

Scenario Questions Read the following scenario to answer the following questions. Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines, and some species have become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. -Some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most threatened amphibian species in order to preserve them if they become extinct in the wild.If such captive-breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the remaining survivors,the species will still be threatened because of ________.

Read the following scenario to answer the questions that follow. In order to test the susceptibility of bacteria to an antibiotic, a common laboratory test called the Bauer-Kirby Disk Diffusion test is used. First, a petri dish (a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid) is partially filled with nutrient-enriched agar (a gelatinous material). The nutrients encourage growth of specific bacterial species. The agar is poured as liquid but then typically solidifies to a soft consistency. Once the agar is set, a "lawn" of bacteria is spread such that a thin layer covers the top of the agar. Antibiotics are then applied to the lawn in a small dose, often through small saturated paper disks. The dish is typically incubated for 24-48 hours and then observed for susceptibility. If the antibiotic is effective, it will kill the bacteria and leave a clear area called the "zone of inhibition" due to inhibited bacterial growth. The area starts at the source of the antibiotic and radiates outward. Scientists measure the diameter of the zone and then compare it to an established "cutoff value" for a zone specific to antibiotic/organism combinations. A large zone of inhibition in comparison to the standard indicates susceptibility while a small or no zone indicates resistance. Consider the following image, and answer the questions that follow: -What can you conclude about the susceptibility of the bacteria to the antibiotics?

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

In The Origin of Species,Darwin argued that the mechanism of descent with modification was ________.