Exam 7: Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement

The concept of noncontingent reinforcement seems closely related to Carl Rogers's humanistic concept of

In a certain experiment, reinforcement is contingent upon each response being separated by at least a certain period of time. This sounds like a _____ schedule.

According to the _____, a more frequent behavior can serve as a reinforcer for a less frequent behavior.

On a(n) _________ schedule (abbreviated _________), the reinforcer is delivered following a fixed interval of time, regardless of the organism's behavior.

A rat has to compete 50 lever presses plus press a lever for at least 10 seconds without a break in order to earn a food pellet. This is an example of a _____ schedule.

A pigeon pecks a green key on a VI 60-sec schedule, which results in the insertion of a treadle into the chamber. The pigeon then steps on the treadle 10 times, following which it receives food. This is an example of a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement.

  In speed skating, behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

Drive is to incentive as _____ is to _____.

Name and define two types of duration schedules.

If Jason is extremely persistent in asking Neem out for a date, she will occasionally accept his invitation. Of the four simple schedules, Jason's behavior of asking Neem for a date is most likely on a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement.

Jumper, the Betta splendens that Russ has in his office, first learned to approach a toothpick in order to get food. Once this was accomplished, it then had to tap it with its snout to get food. This is an example of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.

What does the term "stretching the ratio" mean, and how should it be carried out? What is ratio strain, and what are two ways in which it can occur?

In a football game, which of the following situations most clearly shows evidence of a goal gradient effect?

Superstitious behavior often develops as a function of exposure to a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

In general, _____ schedules produce higher rates of response than _____ schedules.

Define the goal gradient effect and give an example.

According to the response deprivation hypothesis, a behavior can serve as a reinforcer if

A rat receives a food pellet if it emits 10 consecutive responses with each response separated by an interval of no less than 1.5 and no more than 2 seconds. This is an example of a _____ type of schedule.

Earning $10 for every five people you sign up to a new Internet sales club is an example of a _____ schedule.

In a(n) _____ schedule, the response requirement changes as a function of the level of performance shown while responding for the previous reinforcer.