Question 1

A child receives a dime for, on average, every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) variable ratio 
C) fixed interval 
D) variable interval 
E) continuous reinforcement 
A) fixed ratio 
B) variable ratio 
C) fixed interval 
D) variable interval 
E) continuous reinforcement

Question 2

Modern psychologists refer to the first part of the Law of Effect as _____ and the second part as _____.

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning; operant conditioning 
B) operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
C) reinforcement; punishment 
D) punishment; reinforcement 
E) trial and error; latent learning 
A) classical conditioning; operant conditioning 
B) operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
C) reinforcement; punishment 
D) punishment; reinforcement 
E) trial and error; latent learning

Question 3

Omar's parents have been trying to teach him their telephone number. He appears unable to recite it correctly. One day, he overhears his father mention that he would buy Omar a new toy if he could learn the number. Omar immediately blurts out the correct number. This demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) observational learning. 
D) creativity. 
E) insight learning. 
A) latent learning. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) observational learning. 
D) creativity. 
E) insight learning.

Question 4

Karl wishes to reinforce positive behavior in his fourth-grade students. After identifying the desired behaviors, what would be Karl's next step?

Accepted Answer

A) track the frequency of desired behaviors 
B) wean the children from the reinforcers 
C) explain contingencies 
D) select reinforcers 
E) apply reinforcers 
A) track the frequency of desired behaviors 
B) wean the children from the reinforcers 
C) explain contingencies 
D) select reinforcers 
E) apply reinforcers

Question 5

Observational learning is also referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) insight learning or latent learning. 
B) operant conditioning. 
C) vicarious learning or modeling. 
D) classical conditioning. 
E) creativity. 
A) insight learning or latent learning. 
B) operant conditioning. 
C) vicarious learning or modeling. 
D) classical conditioning. 
E) creativity.

Question 6

In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning, a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

Accepted Answer

A) interferes with 
B) predicts 
C) follows 
D) reduces 
E) is elicited by 
A) interferes with 
B) predicts 
C) follows 
D) reduces 
E) is elicited by

Question 7

Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) observational learning. 
B) trial-and-error learning. 
C) information processing. 
D) insight learning. 
E) latent learning. 
A) observational learning. 
B) trial-and-error learning. 
C) information processing. 
D) insight learning. 
E) latent learning.

Question 8

Following extinction, a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally. This process is called

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery. 
B) generalization. 
C) discrimination. 
D) reconditioning. 
E) shaping. 
A) spontaneous recovery. 
B) generalization. 
C) discrimination. 
D) reconditioning. 
E) shaping.

Question 9

Ivan Pavlov's initial research work was in the study of

Accepted Answer

A) learning by association with rabbits. 
B) latent learning with rats. 
C) observational learning with children. 
D) digestive processes in dogs. 
E) conditioning of pigeons. 
A) learning by association with rabbits. 
B) latent learning with rats. 
C) observational learning with children. 
D) digestive processes in dogs. 
E) conditioning of pigeons.

Question 10

In Watson's research with Little Albert, the rat began as the _____ and became the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) CR; CS 
B) UR; US 
C) NS; CS 
D) NS; CR 
E) CS; NS 
A) CR; CS 
B) UR; US 
C) NS; CS 
D) NS; CR 
E) CS; NS

Question 11

When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A) a discriminative stimulus. 
B) superstitious behavior. 
C) stimulus discrimination. 
D) a phobia. 
E) spontaneous recovery. 
A) a discriminative stimulus. 
B) superstitious behavior. 
C) stimulus discrimination. 
D) a phobia. 
E) spontaneous recovery.

Question 12

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of

Accepted Answer

A) insight learning. 
B) higher-order conditioning. 
C) conditioning taste aversions. 
D) shaping. 
E) extinction. 
A) insight learning. 
B) higher-order conditioning. 
C) conditioning taste aversions. 
D) shaping. 
E) extinction.

Question 13

A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio 
B) fixed-interval 
C) variable-ratio 
D) variable-interval 
E) continuous 
A) fixed-ratio 
B) fixed-interval 
C) variable-ratio 
D) variable-interval 
E) continuous

Question 14

Summarize how classical conditioning is achieved.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning

Question 15

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the puff of air is called the

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimulus. 
B) conditioned stimulus. 
C) neutral stimulus. 
D) unconditioned response. 
E) conditioned response. 
A) unconditioned stimulus. 
B) conditioned stimulus. 
C) neutral stimulus. 
D) unconditioned response. 
E) conditioned response.

Question 16

Increasing the number of pairings of the US and CS will

Accepted Answer

A) weaken the CR. 
B) strengthen the CR. 
C) weaken the CR at first, and then strengthen it. 
D) strengthen the CR at first, and then weaken it. 
E) have no effect on the CR. 
A) weaken the CR. 
B) strengthen the CR. 
C) weaken the CR at first, and then strengthen it. 
D) strengthen the CR at first, and then weaken it. 
E) have no effect on the CR.

Question 17

Regarding the timing of the CS and the US in classical conditioning, the STRONGEST conditioned response occurs when the

Accepted Answer

A) CS and US are presented simultaneously. 
B) CS is presented first and remains on during the presentation of the US. 
C) CS is presented first and is terminated before the presentation of the US. 
D) US is presented first and is terminated before the presentation of the CS. 
E) US is presented first and remains on during the presentation of the CS. 
A) CS and US are presented simultaneously. 
B) CS is presented first and remains on during the presentation of the US. 
C) CS is presented first and is terminated before the presentation of the US. 
D) US is presented first and is terminated before the presentation of the CS. 
E) US is presented first and remains on during the presentation of the CS.

Question 18

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Positive reinforcement leads to strengthening of response, whereas negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response. 
B) Discriminative stimuli set the stage for reinforcement. 
C) Organisms are capable of learning complex behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviors. 
D) Some reinforcers are rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs, whereas others acquire reward value through experience. 
E) Extinction is achieved by no longer reinforcing the desired response. 
A) Positive reinforcement leads to strengthening of response, whereas negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response. 
B) Discriminative stimuli set the stage for reinforcement. 
C) Organisms are capable of learning complex behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviors. 
D) Some reinforcers are rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs, whereas others acquire reward value through experience. 
E) Extinction is achieved by no longer reinforcing the desired response.

Question 19

Of the following parents giving praise to their child, which is using the most effective strategy?

Accepted Answer

A) Abdul tells his daughter, "You're a good girl" when she is polite to the neighbor. 
B) Barney tells his son, "I'm so proud of how well you prepared for your biology test." 
C) Cornelius uses the phrase, "You did a wonderful job" every time he praises his daughter. 
D) Darnell says to his son, "I'm proud of how you played tennis, but maybe next time you'll get more points." 
E) Ed, who after his daughter shows him her artwork, avoids making eye contact but says, "That's a great job you did." 
A) Abdul tells his daughter, "You're a good girl" when she is polite to the neighbor. 
B) Barney tells his son, "I'm so proud of how well you prepared for your biology test." 
C) Cornelius uses the phrase, "You did a wonderful job" every time he praises his daughter. 
D) Darnell says to his son, "I'm proud of how you played tennis, but maybe next time you'll get more points." 
E) Ed, who after his daughter shows him her artwork, avoids making eye contact but says, "That's a great job you did."

Question 20

Regarding observational learning, which of the following is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) The influence of modeling is weaker when the model is similar to the learner. 
B) Modeling influences a wide range of human behaviors, from forming opinions to ways of resolving conflicts with others. 
C) Observational learning has been found to play a greater role in the development of phobias than direct conditioning. 
D) Through observational learning, people become capable of behaviors before they have even practiced those behaviors. 
E) People are more likely to imitate models that receive rewards for performing the observed behavior. 
A) The influence of modeling is weaker when the model is similar to the learner. 
B) Modeling influences a wide range of human behaviors, from forming opinions to ways of resolving conflicts with others. 
C) Observational learning has been found to play a greater role in the development of phobias than direct conditioning. 
D) Through observational learning, people become capable of behaviors before they have even practiced those behaviors. 
E) People are more likely to imitate models that receive rewards for performing the observed behavior.

A child receives a dime for, on average, every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Modern psychologists refer to the first part of the Law of Effect as _ and the second part as _.

Omar's parents have been trying to teach him their telephone number. He appears unable to recite it correctly. One day, he overhears his father mention that he would buy Omar a new toy if he could learn the number. Omar immediately blurts out the correct number. This demonstrates

Karl wishes to reinforce positive behavior in his fourth-grade students. After identifying the desired behaviors, what would be Karl's next step?

Observational learning is also referred to as

In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning, a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is referred to as

Following extinction, a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally. This process is called

Ivan Pavlov's initial research work was in the study of

In Watson's research with Little Albert, the rat began as the _ and became the _.

When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina is demonstrating

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of

A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Summarize how classical conditioning is achieved.

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the puff of air is called the

Increasing the number of pairings of the US and CS will

Regarding the timing of the CS and the US in classical conditioning, the STRONGEST conditioned response occurs when the

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Of the following parents giving praise to their child, which is using the most effective strategy?

Regarding observational learning, which of the following is FALSE?

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Exam 5: Learning

A child receives a dime for, on average, every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Modern psychologists refer to the first part of the Law of Effect as _____ and the second part as _____.

Omar's parents have been trying to teach him their telephone number. He appears unable to recite it correctly. One day, he overhears his father mention that he would buy Omar a new toy if he could learn the number. Omar immediately blurts out the correct number. This demonstrates

Karl wishes to reinforce positive behavior in his fourth-grade students. After identifying the desired behaviors, what would be Karl's next step?

Observational learning is also referred to as

In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning, a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is referred to as

Following extinction, a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally. This process is called

Ivan Pavlov's initial research work was in the study of

In Watson's research with Little Albert, the rat began as the _____ and became the _____.

When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina is demonstrating

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of

A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Summarize how classical conditioning is achieved.

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the puff of air is called the

Increasing the number of pairings of the US and CS will

Regarding the timing of the CS and the US in classical conditioning, the STRONGEST conditioned response occurs when the

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Of the following parents giving praise to their child, which is using the most effective strategy?

Regarding observational learning, which of the following is FALSE?

The Science of Psychology

Biological Foundations of Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Thinking Language and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Human Development

Psychology and Health

Personality

Social Psychology

Psychological Disorders

Methods of Therapy

Filters

Modern psychologists refer to the first part of the Law of Effect as _ and the second part as _.

In Watson's research with Little Albert, the rat began as the _ and became the _.