Question 1

Operant conditioning emphasizes ________ whereas classical conditioning emphasizes ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  active learning; passive learning 
B)  punishment; reward 
C)  an animal's learning ability; a human's learning ability 
D)  effects on one's physical world; effects on one's social world 
A)  active learning; passive learning 
B)  punishment; reward 
C)  an animal's learning ability; a human's learning ability 
D)  effects on one's physical world; effects on one's social world

Question 2

Behaviorism is concerned with ________,whereas Rotter's social learning perspective is concerned with ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  actual rewards and punishments; beliefs about reward and punishment 
B)  operant conditioning; respondent conditioning 
C)  general behavioral tendencies; specific learned motivational tendencies 
D)  classical conditioning; observational learning 
A)  actual rewards and punishments; beliefs about reward and punishment 
B)  operant conditioning; respondent conditioning 
C)  general behavioral tendencies; specific learned motivational tendencies 
D)  classical conditioning; observational learning

Question 3

The element of reciprocal determinism that departs most significantly from classic behaviorism is the idea that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the organism's behavior is a function of the environment 
B)  the environment cannot be changed by an organism's behavior 
C)  the self can affect behavior, independent of the environment 
D)  learning occurs through direct reinforcement for behavior 
A)  the organism's behavior is a function of the environment 
B)  the environment cannot be changed by an organism's behavior 
C)  the self can affect behavior, independent of the environment 
D)  learning occurs through direct reinforcement for behavior

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a philosophical underpinning of behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A)  associationism 
B)  empiricism 
C)  existentialism 
D)  hedonism 
A)  associationism 
B)  empiricism 
C)  existentialism 
D)  hedonism

Question 5

Identify and explain Mischel's four cognitive person variables.Explain how these ideas might be similar to other personality constructs described in the textbook.Why is the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)model considered a learning approach to personality?

Accepted Answer

Mischel's four cognitive person variable

Question 6

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
-John Watson

Accepted Answer

A) S-R association theory 
B) if … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Expectancy value theory 
A) S-R association theory 
B) if … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Expectancy value theory

Question 7

According to recent reviews of the literature,repeated exposure to violent video games can make someone more aggressive and less empathic.This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the negative consequence of habituation 
B)  rank order change 
C)  becoming less consistent 
D)  effective classical conditioning 
A)  the negative consequence of habituation 
B)  rank order change 
C)  becoming less consistent 
D)  effective classical conditioning

Question 8

On the first day of kindergarten,Terry's teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question.By the end of the first week,the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks.At the end of the second week,the teacher will only respond to students' questions if they are quietly seated,raise their hands,and wait to be called on before asking their questions.Terry's teacher is using ________ to change the students' behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation 
B)  shaping 
C)  punishment 
D)  secondary conditioning 
A)  habituation 
B)  shaping 
C)  punishment 
D)  secondary conditioning

Question 9

What is the first and most important danger of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment arouses emotion. 
B)  It is difficult to be consistent. 
C)  Punishment teaches misuse of power. 
D)  It is difficult to gauge the severity of punishment. 
A)  Punishment arouses emotion. 
B)  It is difficult to be consistent. 
C)  Punishment teaches misuse of power. 
D)  It is difficult to gauge the severity of punishment.

Question 10

What two important ideas are combined in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system?

Accepted Answer

A)  An individual's construal of the world is important, and individuals have completely stable personality traits. 
B)  Observation is the most important source of learning, and individuals have completely stable personality traits. 
C)  Observation is the most important source of learning, and the cognitive system has multiple tracks. 
D)  An individual's construal of the world is important, and the cognitive system has multiple components that often interact. 
A)  An individual's construal of the world is important, and individuals have completely stable personality traits. 
B)  Observation is the most important source of learning, and individuals have completely stable personality traits. 
C)  Observation is the most important source of learning, and the cognitive system has multiple tracks. 
D)  An individual's construal of the world is important, and the cognitive system has multiple components that often interact.

Question 11

Match the implication that is best associated with a principle of effective punishment.
-Availability of alternatives

Accepted Answer

A) One can lessen the actual use of punishment. 
B) The behavior and its punishment are directly related. 
C) The exact circumstances of the punishment are made clear. 
D) The correct behavior is rewarded. 
E) Punishment will mean punishment, and nothing else. 
A) One can lessen the actual use of punishment. 
B) The behavior and its punishment are directly related. 
C) The exact circumstances of the punishment are made clear. 
D) The correct behavior is rewarded. 
E) Punishment will mean punishment, and nothing else.

Question 12

Bandura's efficacy expectation is a belief about ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  what the person believes he or she is capable of doing 
B)  the amount of work required to be effective 
C)  the expected worth of an outcome 
D)  the probability of success expected for an average person 
A)  what the person believes he or she is capable of doing 
B)  the amount of work required to be effective 
C)  the expected worth of an outcome 
D)  the probability of success expected for an average person

Question 13

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
-Julian Rotter

Accepted Answer

A) S-R association theory 
B) if … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Expectancy value theory 
A) S-R association theory 
B) if … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Expectancy value theory

Question 14

Julian Rotter's social learning theory focuses primarily on ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  drives 
B)  drive reduction 
C)  decision making 
D)  reciprocal determinism 
A)  drives 
B)  drive reduction 
C)  decision making 
D)  reciprocal determinism

Question 15

Perhaps the biggest limitation associated with the use of punishment is that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviorists have not been able to identify consequences that are generally punishing 
B)  it is almost always administered incorrectly 
C)  alternatives to punishment are seldom available 
D)  punishing only the specific behavior does not appear to reduce the frequency of that behavior 
A)  behaviorists have not been able to identify consequences that are generally punishing 
B)  it is almost always administered incorrectly 
C)  alternatives to punishment are seldom available 
D)  punishing only the specific behavior does not appear to reduce the frequency of that behavior

Question 16

Bandura's concept of efficacy is similar to what Rotter called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  situational relativism 
B)  reinforcement values 
C)  expectancies 
D)  behavior potential 
A)  situational relativism 
B)  reinforcement values 
C)  expectancies 
D)  behavior potential

Question 17

The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change 
B)  expectancies vary across situations 
C)  children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors 
D)  learning can occur vicariously through observation 
A)  changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change 
B)  expectancies vary across situations 
C)  children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors 
D)  learning can occur vicariously through observation

Question 18

Following Bandura,many social learning theorists agree that the important causes of behavior ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  are located only in the environment 
B)  are located only in the conscious mind 
C)  involve an interaction between the individual's mind and the environment 
D)  mostly result from direct reinforcement for the behavior 
A)  are located only in the environment 
B)  are located only in the conscious mind 
C)  involve an interaction between the individual's mind and the environment 
D)  mostly result from direct reinforcement for the behavior

Question 19

According to the text,how can reward be used to prevent somebody from doing something?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reward a response that is incompatible with the undesired response. 
B)  Reward the undesired response randomly. 
C)  Reward the undesired response to secure a feeling of trust and compassion. 
D)  Reward any response, regardless of its desirability. 
A)  Reward a response that is incompatible with the undesired response. 
B)  Reward the undesired response randomly. 
C)  Reward the undesired response to secure a feeling of trust and compassion. 
D)  Reward any response, regardless of its desirability.

Question 20

Funder asserts that the most important limitation of strict behaviorist approaches to personality psychology is that they________.

Accepted Answer

A)  focus only on psychological disorders and ignore humankind's positive qualities 
B)  underemphasize or ignore cognition 
C)  underemphasize the effect of the specific situation on an organism's behavior 
D)  lack scientific rigor 
A)  focus only on psychological disorders and ignore humankind's positive qualities 
B)  underemphasize or ignore cognition 
C)  underemphasize the effect of the specific situation on an organism's behavior 
D)  lack scientific rigor

Operant conditioning emphasizes whereas classical conditioning emphasizes .

Behaviorism is concerned with ,whereas Rotter's social learning perspective is concerned with .

The element of reciprocal determinism that departs most significantly from classic behaviorism is the idea that ________.

Which of the following is NOT a philosophical underpinning of behaviorism?

Identify and explain Mischel's four cognitive person variables.Explain how these ideas might be similar to other personality constructs described in the textbook.Why is the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)model considered a learning approach to personality?

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -John Watson

According to recent reviews of the literature,repeated exposure to violent video games can make someone more aggressive and less empathic.This is an example of ________.

What is the first and most important danger of punishment?

What two important ideas are combined in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system?

Match the implication that is best associated with a principle of effective punishment. -Availability of alternatives

Bandura's efficacy expectation is a belief about ________.

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -Julian Rotter

Julian Rotter's social learning theory focuses primarily on ________.

Perhaps the biggest limitation associated with the use of punishment is that ________.

Bandura's concept of efficacy is similar to what Rotter called ________.

The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.

Following Bandura,many social learning theorists agree that the important causes of behavior ________.

According to the text,how can reward be used to prevent somebody from doing something?

Funder asserts that the most important limitation of strict behaviorist approaches to personality psychology is that they________.

The Study of the Person

Personality Research Methods

Assessment, Effect Size, and Ethics

Personality Traits,Situations,and Behavior

Personality Judgment

Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Experience,Existence,and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic and Positive Psychology

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion

The Self: What You Know About You

Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health

Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Ahead

Filters

Exam 14: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and the Social Learning Theories

Operant conditioning emphasizes ________ whereas classical conditioning emphasizes ________.

Behaviorism is concerned with ________,whereas Rotter's social learning perspective is concerned with ________.

The element of reciprocal determinism that departs most significantly from classic behaviorism is the idea that ________.

Which of the following is NOT a philosophical underpinning of behaviorism?

Identify and explain Mischel's four cognitive person variables.Explain how these ideas might be similar to other personality constructs described in the textbook.Why is the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)model considered a learning approach to personality?

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -John Watson

According to recent reviews of the literature,repeated exposure to violent video games can make someone more aggressive and less empathic.This is an example of ________.

What is the first and most important danger of punishment?

What two important ideas are combined in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system?

Match the implication that is best associated with a principle of effective punishment. -Availability of alternatives

Bandura's efficacy expectation is a belief about ________.

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -Julian Rotter

Julian Rotter's social learning theory focuses primarily on ________.

Perhaps the biggest limitation associated with the use of punishment is that ________.

Bandura's concept of efficacy is similar to what Rotter called ________.

The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.

Following Bandura,many social learning theorists agree that the important causes of behavior ________.

According to the text,how can reward be used to prevent somebody from doing something?

Funder asserts that the most important limitation of strict behaviorist approaches to personality psychology is that they________.

The Study of the Person

Personality Research Methods

Assessment, Effect Size, and Ethics

Personality Traits,Situations,and Behavior

Personality Judgment

Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Experience,Existence,and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic and Positive Psychology

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion

The Self: What You Know About You

Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health

Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Ahead

Filters

Operant conditioning emphasizes whereas classical conditioning emphasizes .

Behaviorism is concerned with ,whereas Rotter's social learning perspective is concerned with .