Exam 4: VYGOTSKY: Culture and Development

To understand cognitive development, Vygotsky argued that any function in a child's cultural development appears twice, on two planes. Which of the following is one of these developmental planes?

Vygotsky referred to the difference between what people can do independently and what they can do with help as the _______________.

Vygotsky thought that very little of the elementary biological processes are transformed into higher psychological functioning by developmental processes.

Vygotsky used the term _______________ to explain how external activity becomes internal activity.

According to Vygotsky, the less that children use inner speech to guide their actions, the more competent they become.

Vygotsky argued that all higher functions (e.g., memory, thinking, problem solving) begin as _______________.

Early in the cognitive development process, egocentric speech is associated with ________________ behavior.

Vygotsky believed that _______________ plays a major role in development.

Vygotsky defined the zone of proximal development as the distance between a person's actual developmental level and the higher level of potential development.

According to Vygotsky, brain development provides the physiological basis for the appearance of external or egocentric speech, which gradually becomes the inner speech children use to guide their behavior.

According to Vygotsky's basic concepts of the developmental process, a child's ________ proceeds by social interactions.