Question 1

Which organisms would most likely be able to tolerate the 90°C environments that occur in hot springs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria 
B)  Insects 
C)  Fish 
D)  Mollusks 
A)  Bacteria 
B)  Insects 
C)  Fish 
D)  Mollusks A

Question 2

Refer to the figure.
  
-The figure shows the relationship between the ambient temperature and the relative metabolic rates of a number of mammals. What is the lower critical temperature of an unclothed human?

Accepted Answer

A)  About 6°C 
B)  About 11°C 
C)  About 20°C 
D)  About 26°C 
A)  About 6°C 
B)  About 11°C 
C)  About 20°C 
D)  About 26°C D

Question 3

Suppose a plant is receiving 150 units of heat per minute due to solar radiation, and 45 units of heat per minute due to infrared radiation. Sixty units per minute of solar radiation are reflected back by the leaves, and the plant emits 30 units of infrared radiation. It also loses 50 units of heat per minute through evapotranspiration. The temperature of the plant is not changing. Based on this information, we can conclude that the combination of conduction and convection is resulting in a net _______of heat by the plant, and that its temperature is currently _______ than the ambient temperature.

Accepted Answer

A)  gain; warmer 
B)  gain; colder 
C)  loss; warmer 
D)  loss; colder 
A)  gain; warmer 
B)  gain; colder 
C)  loss; warmer 
D)  loss; colder C

Question 4

An individual zooplankton can change its solute concentrations in response to a change in water salinity. This response is an example of _______ in the form of a(n) _______ adjustment.

Accepted Answer

A)  adaptation; osmotic 
B)  acclimatization; osmotic 
C)  adaptation; turgor 
D)  acclimatization; stomatic 
A)  adaptation; osmotic 
B)  acclimatization; osmotic 
C)  adaptation; turgor 
D)  acclimatization; stomatic

Question 5

Kangaroo rats adapted to the desert will

Accepted Answer

A)  produce more sweat during the hottest part of the day to reduce their body temperature. 
B)  produce water through their metabolizing of food. 
C)  rely on behavioral strategies to minimize water loss. 
D)  Both b and c 
A)  produce more sweat during the hottest part of the day to reduce their body temperature. 
B)  produce water through their metabolizing of food. 
C)  rely on behavioral strategies to minimize water loss. 
D)  Both b and c

Question 6

Imagine that you want to cryogenically freeze yourself and maximize your chances of being brought back to life at a later time. How could you do it in such a way that you are protected from some of the consequences that might make resuscitation impossible? What would be a critical consequence of the cold temperatures that you would want to protect yourself against? What consequences might this have if you did not avoid it?

Accepted Answer

It would be critical to freeze your body

Question 7

Loss of _______ pressure results in wilting of nonwoody plants due to dehydration.

Accepted Answer

A)  turgor 
B)  xyleic 
C)  osmotic 
D)  matric 
A)  turgor 
B)  xyleic 
C)  osmotic 
D)  matric

Question 8

The opening and closing of stomates is controlled by _______. Stomate openings primarily affect the process of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  guard cells; conduction 
B)  guard cells; transpiration 
C)  stomatocytes: conduction 
D)  stomatocytes; transpiration 
A)  guard cells; conduction 
B)  guard cells; transpiration 
C)  stomatocytes: conduction 
D)  stomatocytes; transpiration

Question 9

Which statement about the condition known as pubescence is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Light-colored hairs lower absorption of solar radiation by the leaf surface. 
B)  Light-colored hairs decrease the effectiveness of convective heat loss. 
C)  Light-colored hairs increase the effectiveness of latent heat transfer. 
D)  Pubescence results in a trade-off between two opposing heat exchange mechanisms. 
A)  Light-colored hairs lower absorption of solar radiation by the leaf surface. 
B)  Light-colored hairs decrease the effectiveness of convective heat loss. 
C)  Light-colored hairs increase the effectiveness of latent heat transfer. 
D)  Pubescence results in a trade-off between two opposing heat exchange mechanisms.

Question 10

Which soil type provides the best storage for biologically available water?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sandy soil 
B)  Soil with large-sized particles 
C)  Fine-textured soil 
D)  Soil with a combination of sandy and fine particles 
A)  Sandy soil 
B)  Soil with large-sized particles 
C)  Fine-textured soil 
D)  Soil with a combination of sandy and fine particles

Question 11

Refer to the figure.
  The figure shows the relationship between the outside temperature and the temperature of three animals. Based on the figure, the body temperature of animal B is approximately _______°C when the outside temperature is 20°C and approximately _______°C when the outside temperature is 35°C.

Accepted Answer

A)  22; 32 
B)  18; 34 
C)  22; 36 
D)  40; 41 
A)  22; 32 
B)  18; 34 
C)  22; 36 
D)  40; 41

Question 12

On a warm day, a dog pants and some of the water on its tongue evaporates. This evaporation has a _______ effect that is caused by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  warming; conduction 
B)  warming; latent heat transfer 
C)  cooling; conduction 
D)  cooling; latent heat transfer 
A)  warming; conduction 
B)  warming; latent heat transfer 
C)  cooling; conduction 
D)  cooling; latent heat transfer

Question 13

The cells of a fish are about 0.8% salt. One liter of water is about 1,000 grams. Solution A contains 70 grams of salt in 20 liters of water, solution B contains 120 grams of salt in 10 liters of water, and solution C contains 50 grams of salt in 10 liters of water. Which solution is hyperosmotic to the fish?

Accepted Answer

A)  Solution A only 
B)  Solution B only 
C)  Both solution A and solution B 
D)  Both solution B and solution C 
A)  Solution A only 
B)  Solution B only 
C)  Both solution A and solution B 
D)  Both solution B and solution C

Question 14

If the temperature of a plant is 10°C and the ambient temperature is 14°C, there will be a net input of heat to the plant via

Accepted Answer

A)  conduction. 
B)  convection. 
C)  evaporation. 
D)  conduction and convection 
A)  conduction. 
B)  convection. 
C)  evaporation. 
D)  conduction and convection

Question 15

If the body size of an ectotherm with a semi-spherical body shape were to increase considerably, the surface area-to-volume ratio would _______, and the animal's ability to exchange heat with the environment would _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; increase 
B)  increase; stay about the same 
C)  decrease; decrease 
D)  decrease; increase 
A)  increase; increase 
B)  increase; stay about the same 
C)  decrease; decrease 
D)  decrease; increase

Question 16

In the canopies of tropical forests, plants are able to survive despite the high temperatures and high levels of solar radiation due to the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  reverse evaporation. 
B)  infrared heat transfer. 
C)  conductive heat transfer. 
D)  transpiration. 
A)  reverse evaporation. 
B)  infrared heat transfer. 
C)  conductive heat transfer. 
D)  transpiration.

Question 17

A mouse exposed to reduced levels of oxygen initially cannot run as fast as usual, but after a week its performance improves. This is an example of _______ to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  adaptation; hypoxia 
B)  acclimatization; hypothermia 
C)  adaptation; hypothermia 
D)  acclimatization; hypoxia 
A)  adaptation; hypoxia 
B)  acclimatization; hypothermia 
C)  adaptation; hypothermia 
D)  acclimatization; hypoxia

Question 18

Refer to the figure.
  
-The figure shows the relationship between the ambient temperature and the relative metabolic rates of a number of mammals. How much of a difference is there between the lower critical temperature of a polar bear cub and the temperature at which its metabolic rate doubles?

Accepted Answer

A)  About 10°C 
B)  About 18°C 
C)  About 36°C 
D)  About 55°C 
A)  About 10°C 
B)  About 18°C 
C)  About 36°C 
D)  About 55°C

Question 19

Suppose that the osmotic potential of a system is -55 MPa. The system is under tension, and the pressure potential exerted on the system is -40 MPa. The matric potential is -80 MPa. What is the overall water potential of the system?

Accepted Answer

A)  ‒175 MPa 
B)  ‒135 MPa 
C)  +15 MPa 
D)  +175 MPa 
A)  ‒175 MPa 
B)  ‒135 MPa 
C)  +15 MPa 
D)  +175 MPa

Question 20

The zone of turbulent air flow close to the surface of an object is referred to as a _______ layer.

Accepted Answer

A)  turbulence 
B)  protective 
C)  resistance 
D)  boundary 
A)  turbulence 
B)  protective 
C)  resistance 
D)  boundary

Exam 4: Coping With Environmental Variation:

Which organisms would most likely be able to tolerate the 90°C environments that occur in hot springs?

Refer to the figure. -The figure shows the relationship between the ambient temperature and the relative metabolic rates of a number of mammals. What is the lower critical temperature of an unclothed human?

An individual zooplankton can change its solute concentrations in response to a change in water salinity. This response is an example of _______ in the form of a(n) _______ adjustment.

Kangaroo rats adapted to the desert will

Loss of _______ pressure results in wilting of nonwoody plants due to dehydration.

The opening and closing of stomates is controlled by _______. Stomate openings primarily affect the process of _______.

Which statement about the condition known as pubescence is false?

Which soil type provides the best storage for biologically available water?

On a warm day, a dog pants and some of the water on its tongue evaporates. This evaporation has a _______ effect that is caused by _______.

If the temperature of a plant is 10°C and the ambient temperature is 14°C, there will be a net input of heat to the plant via

If the body size of an ectotherm with a semi-spherical body shape were to increase considerably, the surface area-to-volume ratio would _______, and the animal's ability to exchange heat with the environment would _______.

In the canopies of tropical forests, plants are able to survive despite the high temperatures and high levels of solar radiation due to the process of

A mouse exposed to reduced levels of oxygen initially cannot run as fast as usual, but after a week its performance improves. This is an example of _______ to _______.

Refer to the figure. -The figure shows the relationship between the ambient temperature and the relative metabolic rates of a number of mammals. How much of a difference is there between the lower critical temperature of a polar bear cub and the temperature at which its metabolic rate doubles?

Suppose that the osmotic potential of a system is -55 MPa. The system is under tension, and the pressure potential exerted on the system is -40 MPa. The matric potential is -80 MPa. What is the overall water potential of the system?

The zone of turbulent air flow close to the surface of an object is referred to as a _______ layer.

The Web of Life

The Physical Environment

The Biosphere

Coping With Environmental Variation: Energy

Evolution and Ecology

Life History

Behavioral Ecology

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth and Regulation

Predation

Parasitism

Competition

Mutualism and Commensalism

The Nature of Communities

Change in Communities

Biogeography

Species Diversity in Communities

Production

Energy Flow and Food Webs

Nutrient Supply and Cycling

Conservation Biology

Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Management

Global Ecology

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An individual zooplankton can change its solute concentrations in response to a change in water salinity. This response is an example of _ in the form of a(n) _ adjustment.

The opening and closing of stomates is controlled by _. Stomate openings primarily affect the process of _.

On a warm day, a dog pants and some of the water on its tongue evaporates. This evaporation has a _ effect that is caused by _.

If the body size of an ectotherm with a semi-spherical body shape were to increase considerably, the surface area-to-volume ratio would _, and the animal's ability to exchange heat with the environment would _.

A mouse exposed to reduced levels of oxygen initially cannot run as fast as usual, but after a week its performance improves. This is an example of _ to _.