Question 1

Among vertebrates, _______ can survive a long winter in a semi-frozen state.

Accepted Answer

A)  all species of amphibians and turtles 
B)  all species of frogs 
C)  a few species of frogs, salamanders, and turtles 
D)  one species of frog 
A)  all species of amphibians and turtles 
B)  all species of frogs 
C)  a few species of frogs, salamanders, and turtles 
D)  one species of frog

Question 2

Which statement about roots and mycorrhizae is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most land plants today take up water only through their roots. 
B)  Mycorrhizae are very good at absorption because they provide large amounts of surface area. 
C)  The ability of roots to take up water increases with thickness because thicker roots develop a water-resistant waxy coating. 
D)  Mycorrhizae allow less exploration of the soil for water and nutrients. 
A)  Most land plants today take up water only through their roots. 
B)  Mycorrhizae are very good at absorption because they provide large amounts of surface area. 
C)  The ability of roots to take up water increases with thickness because thicker roots develop a water-resistant waxy coating. 
D)  Mycorrhizae allow less exploration of the soil for water and nutrients.

Question 3

Some plants respond to drought conditions by dropping their leaves. This reduces water loss, but can be risky for the plant. What conditions might cause a plant to fail to survive a drought, even if it dropped its leaves?

Accepted Answer

If the drought continued for a

Question 4

Refer to the figure.
  The figure shows the relationship between the outside temperature and the temperature of three animals. Which of these animals is an endotherm?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animal A only 
B)  Animal B only 
C)  Animal C only 
D)  Both animal A and animal B 
A)  Animal A only 
B)  Animal B only 
C)  Animal C only 
D)  Both animal A and animal B

Question 5

As the soil dries out during a time of water stress, roots send _______, a hormonal signal, to the stomates, which decreases the extent of their opening and thus decreases water loss.

Accepted Answer

A)  osmotic acid 
B)  cyclic AMP 
C)  glycerol 
D)  abscisic acid 
A)  osmotic acid 
B)  cyclic AMP 
C)  glycerol 
D)  abscisic acid

Question 6

Refer to the figure.
  
-The figure shows the distribution of aspen in North America and the factors that limit it. If aspen evolved an adaptation that made it more drought-tolerant, the expansion of its range would most likely occur

Accepted Answer

A)  in north central Canada. 
B)  in northwestern Canada and Alaska. 
C)  across the Great Plains of the United States. 
D)  in southeastern United States. 
A)  in north central Canada. 
B)  in northwestern Canada and Alaska. 
C)  across the Great Plains of the United States. 
D)  in southeastern United States.

Question 7

Refer to the figure.
 
- In soil, there can be layers with more or less available water. In the figure, there is a lower water potential in shallow soils than in deep soils. Considering this scenario, what will the stem water potential be in the middle of the night and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  -3.0 MPa because the plant will equilibrate with the lowest water potential. 
B)  -0.5 MPa because the plant will equilibrate with the highest water potential. 
C)  Between -3.0 MPa and -0.5 MPa because the plant will average across all available water. 
D)  Between -3.0 MPa and -0.5 MPa because some of the water from the deep soil layers will move through the roots and then into the dry, shallow soils. 
A)  -3.0 MPa because the plant will equilibrate with the lowest water potential. 
B)  -0.5 MPa because the plant will equilibrate with the highest water potential. 
C)  Between -3.0 MPa and -0.5 MPa because the plant will average across all available water. 
D)  Between -3.0 MPa and -0.5 MPa because some of the water from the deep soil layers will move through the roots and then into the dry, shallow soils.

Question 8

Suppose that the osmotic potential of a system is -45 MPa. Pressure of 60 MPa is being exerted on the system and the matric potential is -40 MPa. What is the overall water potential of the system?

Accepted Answer

A)  ‒145 MPa 
B)  ‒65 MPa 
C)  ‒25 MPa 
D)  +55 MPa 
A)  ‒145 MPa 
B)  ‒65 MPa 
C)  ‒25 MPa 
D)  +55 MPa

Question 9

The salinity of salmon is about 0.9%. Salmon living in water with 0.2% salinity would be _______ to the environment, and would tend to _______ water and _______ salts.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypoxic; gain; lose 
B)  hypertensive; lose; gain 
C)  hyperosmotic; gain; lose 
D)  hypoosmotic; gain; lose 
A)  hypoxic; gain; lose 
B)  hypertensive; lose; gain 
C)  hyperosmotic; gain; lose 
D)  hypoosmotic; gain; lose

Question 10

Which environment typically experiences the most extreme seasonal variation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Boreal forests 
B)  Tropical forests 
C)  Open oceans 
D)  Tide pools 
A)  Boreal forests 
B)  Tropical forests 
C)  Open oceans 
D)  Tide pools

Question 11

Suppose that a horse is standing in partial shade. Solar radiation provides a net intake of energy of 42 milliwatts per minute, and infrared radiation provides an additional net input of 56 milliwatts per minute. Conductive and convective outputs of heat are a combined 308 milliwatts per minute. There is no detectable change in heat from evaporation. Assuming that the horse is maintaining a constant temperature, how much heat must it be generating (in milliwatts per minute)?

Accepted Answer

A)  98 
B)  210 
C)  266 
D)  308 
A)  98 
B)  210 
C)  266 
D)  308

Question 12

You discover a new species of salamander. From your research, it appears that this species is highly endangered. You would like to establish a new breeding population of the salamanders in a protected area that is 300 km from the area where you first discovered them. There are no individuals of your new salamander currently living in the protected area. Imagine that you find that the environmental conditions in the new area differ from those at the discovery site. How would you determine whether the salamanders could survive in the new area, and what additional considerations would you have to take into account because of their likely status as an endangered species?

Accepted Answer

You could run some controlled lab experi

Question 13

You discover a new species of salamander. From your research, it appears that this species is highly endangered. You would like to establish a new breeding population of the salamanders in a protected area that is 300 km from the area where you first discovered them. There are no individuals of your new salamander currently living in the protected area. What kinds of data would you need to determine whether your salamander species could tolerate the conditions in the new park? Under which conditions would there be a good chance that the salamander would survive in the new park? What are two critical aspects that will determine whether a new salamander population could persist in the new area?

Accepted Answer

First, you would measure the environment

Question 14

A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12 hours floating in the ocean before washing up on the shore of a deserted island. By the time he reaches the island, he is severely dehydrated. He has several options for correcting his water balance: Assume that under normal conditions, his blood has 0.01 grams of salt per 1,000 grams of water, but under severe dehydration, the salt content increases to 0.5 grams per 1,000 grams of water.
• He could drink ocean water, which contains 37 grams of salt per 1,000 grams of water.
• He could drink from a puddle of rainwater that has been somewhat contaminated by sea water, but is not as salty as pure sea water and contains about 7 grams of salt per 1,000 grams of water.
• He could eat berries that contain 0.006 grams of salt per 1,000 grams of water, but the berries have been coated in salt spray that covers the outside of the berries with salt. For each 100 grams of berries, they are covered in 5.5 grams of salt.
• He could catch raindrops in his mouth when storms pass. He could manage to catch 10 drops per minute, and one milliliter of water contains 20 drops of water. However, he would also lose 300 milliliters of water per hour through respiration.
Which of the scenarios would provide him with the least amount of salt and the highest percentage of water most quickly? He can only use these options, but must come up with a creative solution to maximize his survival chances. What is his best course of action?

Accepted Answer

The best option would be to wash the sal

Among vertebrates, _______ can survive a long winter in a semi-frozen state.

Which statement about roots and mycorrhizae is true?

Some plants respond to drought conditions by dropping their leaves. This reduces water loss, but can be risky for the plant. What conditions might cause a plant to fail to survive a drought, even if it dropped its leaves?

Refer to the figure. The figure shows the relationship between the outside temperature and the temperature of three animals. Which of these animals is an endotherm?

As the soil dries out during a time of water stress, roots send _______, a hormonal signal, to the stomates, which decreases the extent of their opening and thus decreases water loss.

Refer to the figure. -The figure shows the distribution of aspen in North America and the factors that limit it. If aspen evolved an adaptation that made it more drought-tolerant, the expansion of its range would most likely occur

Refer to the figure. - In soil, there can be layers with more or less available water. In the figure, there is a lower water potential in shallow soils than in deep soils. Considering this scenario, what will the stem water potential be in the middle of the night and why?

Suppose that the osmotic potential of a system is -45 MPa. Pressure of 60 MPa is being exerted on the system and the matric potential is -40 MPa. What is the overall water potential of the system?

The salinity of salmon is about 0.9%. Salmon living in water with 0.2% salinity would be ___ to the environment, and would tend to _ water and _____ salts.

Which environment typically experiences the most extreme seasonal variation?

The Web of Life

The Physical Environment

The Biosphere

Coping With Environmental Variation: Energy

Evolution and Ecology

Life History

Behavioral Ecology

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth and Regulation

Predation

Parasitism

Competition

Mutualism and Commensalism

The Nature of Communities

Change in Communities

Biogeography

Species Diversity in Communities

Production

Energy Flow and Food Webs

Nutrient Supply and Cycling

Conservation Biology

Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Management

Global Ecology

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Exam 4: Coping With Environmental Variation:

Among vertebrates, _______ can survive a long winter in a semi-frozen state.

Which statement about roots and mycorrhizae is true?

Some plants respond to drought conditions by dropping their leaves. This reduces water loss, but can be risky for the plant. What conditions might cause a plant to fail to survive a drought, even if it dropped its leaves?

Refer to the figure. The figure shows the relationship between the outside temperature and the temperature of three animals. Which of these animals is an endotherm?

As the soil dries out during a time of water stress, roots send _______, a hormonal signal, to the stomates, which decreases the extent of their opening and thus decreases water loss.

Refer to the figure. -The figure shows the distribution of aspen in North America and the factors that limit it. If aspen evolved an adaptation that made it more drought-tolerant, the expansion of its range would most likely occur

Refer to the figure. - In soil, there can be layers with more or less available water. In the figure, there is a lower water potential in shallow soils than in deep soils. Considering this scenario, what will the stem water potential be in the middle of the night and why?

Suppose that the osmotic potential of a system is -45 MPa. Pressure of 60 MPa is being exerted on the system and the matric potential is -40 MPa. What is the overall water potential of the system?

The salinity of salmon is about 0.9%. Salmon living in water with 0.2% salinity would be _______ to the environment, and would tend to _______ water and _______ salts.

Which environment typically experiences the most extreme seasonal variation?

The Web of Life

The Physical Environment

The Biosphere

Coping With Environmental Variation: Energy

Evolution and Ecology

Life History

Behavioral Ecology

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth and Regulation

Predation

Parasitism

Competition

Mutualism and Commensalism

The Nature of Communities

Change in Communities

Biogeography

Species Diversity in Communities

Production

Energy Flow and Food Webs

Nutrient Supply and Cycling

Conservation Biology

Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Management

Global Ecology

Filters

The salinity of salmon is about 0.9%. Salmon living in water with 0.2% salinity would be ___ to the environment, and would tend to _ water and _____ salts.