Question 1

Species with sexual larval forms that do not metamorphose are known as __________.

Accepted Answer

neotenous

Question 2

One advantage of metamorphosis is it

Accepted Answer

A)  requires less energy than direct development. 
B)  minimizes mortality from predation. 
C)  is phenotypically plastic. 
D)  allows the organism to exploit important resources. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  requires less energy than direct development. 
B)  minimizes mortality from predation. 
C)  is phenotypically plastic. 
D)  allows the organism to exploit important resources. 
E)  none of the above D

Question 3

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in ageing because they __________.

Accepted Answer

Damage cells and contribute to senescence.

Question 4

What types of environments select for a bet-hedging strategy?

Accepted Answer

Environments in which there is unpredict

Question 5

Selection always favors the earliest age at sexual maturity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The cost of meiosis

Accepted Answer

A)  is about 60%. 
B)  is due to the dilution of the genetic contribution. 
C)  is highest in asexual species. 
D)  occurs after the peak in Vx. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  is about 60%. 
B)  is due to the dilution of the genetic contribution. 
C)  is highest in asexual species. 
D)  occurs after the peak in Vx. 
E)  none of the above

Question 7

Iteroparous species maximize

Accepted Answer

A)  residual reproductive value. 
B)  residual reproductive value 
C)  current reproduction at the expense of future reproduction. 
D)  reproduction at the expense of mortality. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  residual reproductive value. 
B)  residual reproductive value 
C)  current reproduction at the expense of future reproduction. 
D)  reproduction at the expense of mortality. 
E)  none of the above

Question 8

Reproductive output

Accepted Answer

A)  represents a trade-off between lx and bx. 
B)  is greatest after the peak in Vx. 
C)  is always the physiological maximum. 
D)  is independent of mortality. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  represents a trade-off between lx and bx. 
B)  is greatest after the peak in Vx. 
C)  is always the physiological maximum. 
D)  is independent of mortality. 
E)  none of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is not a reproductive trade-off?

Accepted Answer

A)  number and size of offspring 
B)  semelparity and iteroparity 
C)  number of offspring and parental care 
D)  pleiotropy and parental care 
E)  none of the above 
A)  number and size of offspring 
B)  semelparity and iteroparity 
C)  number of offspring and parental care 
D)  pleiotropy and parental care 
E)  none of the above

Question 10

What does the residual reproductive value measure?

Accepted Answer

the expected reprodu

Question 11

Reproductive output is always maximized by natural selection.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In jackdaws, experimentally increasing clutch size

Accepted Answer

A)  leads to lower senescence. 
B)  leads to higher senescence. 
C)  has no effect on senescence. 
D)  demonstrates the trade-off between clutch size and fledging rate. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  leads to lower senescence. 
B)  leads to higher senescence. 
C)  has no effect on senescence. 
D)  demonstrates the trade-off between clutch size and fledging rate. 
E)  none of the above

Question 13

Diapause is an example of a resting stage during development.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following is not a hypothesis to explain the latitudinal increase in clutch size?

Accepted Answer

A)  Longer days at high latitude permit increased foraging by adults. 
B)  High mortality at high latitude selects for larger clutches. 
C)  Migration reduces the energy available for reproduction. 
D)  Populations are smaller at high latitude and thus more energy is available to each individual. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  Longer days at high latitude permit increased foraging by adults. 
B)  High mortality at high latitude selects for larger clutches. 
C)  Migration reduces the energy available for reproduction. 
D)  Populations are smaller at high latitude and thus more energy is available to each individual. 
E)  none of the above

Question 15

K-selection

Accepted Answer

A)  emphasizes the number of offspring over their quality. 
B)  emphasizes the quality of offspring over their quality. 
C)  occurs when competition is low. 
D)  leads to semelparity. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  emphasizes the number of offspring over their quality. 
B)  emphasizes the quality of offspring over their quality. 
C)  occurs when competition is low. 
D)  leads to semelparity. 
E)  none of the above

Question 16

Which of the following statements is teleological?

Accepted Answer

A)  Salmon die after spawning to leave more resources for their offspring. 
B)  Salmon exploit the high productivity of the marine environment. 
C)  The massive reproductive effort of salmon cannot occur more than once. 
D)  Salmon are an important source of nutrients in terrestrial environments. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  Salmon die after spawning to leave more resources for their offspring. 
B)  Salmon exploit the high productivity of the marine environment. 
C)  The massive reproductive effort of salmon cannot occur more than once. 
D)  Salmon are an important source of nutrients in terrestrial environments. 
E)  none of the above

Question 17

Not all aspects of the life history are genetically fixed.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Cole's paradox states that

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no trade-off between reproductive effort and mortality. 
B)  mortality and reproductive effort increase together. 
C)  there is a significant difference between annual and perennial reproduction. 
D)  there is a small difference between annual and perennial reproduction. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  there is no trade-off between reproductive effort and mortality. 
B)  mortality and reproductive effort increase together. 
C)  there is a significant difference between annual and perennial reproduction. 
D)  there is a small difference between annual and perennial reproduction. 
E)  none of the above

Question 19

One reason the reproductive value changes over the life of the organism is that the

Accepted Answer

A)  reproductive output changes with age. 
B)  morality rate increases with age. 
C)  reproductive rate increases with age. 
D)  b and c 
E)  none of the above 
A)  reproductive output changes with age. 
B)  morality rate increases with age. 
C)  reproductive rate increases with age. 
D)  b and c 
E)  none of the above

Question 20

The evolution of the life span

Accepted Answer

A)  cannot be explained. 
B)  is independent of the reproductive strategy. 
C)  depends on the increase in the intensity of selection with age. 
D)  counteracts pleiotropic effects. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  cannot be explained. 
B)  is independent of the reproductive strategy. 
C)  depends on the increase in the intensity of selection with age. 
D)  counteracts pleiotropic effects. 
E)  none of the above

Exam 10: Life History Strategies

Species with sexual larval forms that do not metamorphose are known as __________.

One advantage of metamorphosis is it

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in ageing because they __________.

What types of environments select for a bet-hedging strategy?

Selection always favors the earliest age at sexual maturity.

The cost of meiosis

Iteroparous species maximize

Reproductive output

Which of the following is not a reproductive trade-off?

What does the residual reproductive value measure?

Reproductive output is always maximized by natural selection.

In jackdaws, experimentally increasing clutch size

Diapause is an example of a resting stage during development.

Which of the following is not a hypothesis to explain the latitudinal increase in clutch size?

K-selection

Which of the following statements is teleological?

Not all aspects of the life history are genetically fixed.

Cole's paradox states that

One reason the reproductive value changes over the life of the organism is that the

The evolution of the life span

Introduction to Ecology

Adaptation and Evolution

Adaptations to the Physical Environment

Terrestrial Communities

Fresh-water and Marine Communities

Behavioral Ecology

The Ecology of Intraspecific Variation

Demography

Population Regulation

Competition

Coevolution I Exploitative Interactions

Mutualism

The Structure of Communities

Ecological Succession

Species Diversity

Energy Flow and Trophic Structure

Biogeochemical Cycles

Conservation Biology

Landscape Ecology

Human Global Ecology

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