Question 1

Which statement best describes the results of the multicultural study by Callaghan, et al. on the development of social cognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although the timing of early social-cognitive milestones differed substantially by culture. 
B)  Infants/children who are frequently taught by instruction are unable to learn through observation. 
C)  Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were some differences in the manner in which these skills were acquired. 
D)  Infants/children in most situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, but there were factors (such as maternal education and maternal work status) that affected the degree to which they acquired social-cognitive skills. 
E)  Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were differences in the order in which skills were acquired. 
A)  Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although the timing of early social-cognitive milestones differed substantially by culture. 
B)  Infants/children who are frequently taught by instruction are unable to learn through observation. 
C)  Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were some differences in the manner in which these skills were acquired. 
D)  Infants/children in most situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, but there were factors (such as maternal education and maternal work status) that affected the degree to which they acquired social-cognitive skills. 
E)  Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were differences in the order in which skills were acquired.

Question 2

According to critics of the nativist view of cognitive development, which is a possible alternative explanation of infants' longer looking times during experiments?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants' attention may be drawn to perceptual features of the stimulus, rather than reflecting their innate expectations. 
B)  Infants do not have innate skill but, rather, they learn through experience. 
C)  Nativists do not account for different habituation rates, which may result in longer looking times. 
D)  Nativists do not account for the influence of sensory feedback on infant looking behaviors. 
E)  At early ages, infants have not yet developed an understanding of object permanence. 
A)  Infants' attention may be drawn to perceptual features of the stimulus, rather than reflecting their innate expectations. 
B)  Infants do not have innate skill but, rather, they learn through experience. 
C)  Nativists do not account for different habituation rates, which may result in longer looking times. 
D)  Nativists do not account for the influence of sensory feedback on infant looking behaviors. 
E)  At early ages, infants have not yet developed an understanding of object permanence.

Question 3

In habituation experiments, the fact that infants prefer to look at something new (novelty preference) is most often interpreted as the

Accepted Answer

A)  infant having encoded a familiar stimulus during habituation and is remembering the familiar vs. novel object. 
B)  infant understanding object permanence. 
C)  infant being interested in the specific features of the novel stimulus. 
D)  infant's degree of selective attention. 
E)  infant having a cognitive delay. 
A)  infant having encoded a familiar stimulus during habituation and is remembering the familiar vs. novel object. 
B)  infant understanding object permanence. 
C)  infant being interested in the specific features of the novel stimulus. 
D)  infant's degree of selective attention. 
E)  infant having a cognitive delay.

Question 4

A researcher shows 4-month-old Asako a sieve with relatively large holes. First, the researcher drops rocks onto the sieve, and the rocks do not pass through. Next, the researcher pours sand on another sieve that looks exactly the same but has a transparent barrier so that the sand does not pass through. What do you think the researcher is testing with this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Asako's ability to form mental representations 
B)  Asako's understanding of gravity and support 
C)  Asako's understanding of object permanence 
D)  Asako's understanding of solidity and substance 
E)  Asako's ability to perform means-end analysis 
A)  Asako's ability to form mental representations 
B)  Asako's understanding of gravity and support 
C)  Asako's understanding of object permanence 
D)  Asako's understanding of solidity and substance 
E)  Asako's ability to perform means-end analysis

Question 5

According to research on the impacts of socioeconomic environment on infant development, infants from low-income households, on average, are at greater risk of not achieving full cognitive potential. This is most likely the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  greater frequency of single parenthood. 
B)  genetic influences that shape environments. 
C)  limited experience with cultural objects that appear in standardized tests. 
D)  a combination of less stimulating home environments, poor nutrition, and limited access to learning materials. 
E)  increased consumption of unhealthy foods and lack of sleep. 
A)  greater frequency of single parenthood. 
B)  genetic influences that shape environments. 
C)  limited experience with cultural objects that appear in standardized tests. 
D)  a combination of less stimulating home environments, poor nutrition, and limited access to learning materials. 
E)  increased consumption of unhealthy foods and lack of sleep.

Question 6

Nativists argue that infants are hardwired with core capacities related to the understanding of object permanence and physical rules. What are the main criticisms of this view based on the results of follow-up research?

Accepted Answer

Nativists tend to discount the impact of

Question 7

What do modified A-not-B experiments that involve manipulations of infants' posture demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The impact of sensory feedback is an important consideration when conducting A-not-B experiments. 
B)  Reaching for a specific location may be the result of an automatic reflex. 
C)  Infants do better at A-not-B tasks when they are standing. 
D)  Infants continue to search for objects in the same location until they are taught otherwise. 
E)  Infants can succeed in A-not-B tasks with a little help from the experimenter. 
A)  The impact of sensory feedback is an important consideration when conducting A-not-B experiments. 
B)  Reaching for a specific location may be the result of an automatic reflex. 
C)  Infants do better at A-not-B tasks when they are standing. 
D)  Infants continue to search for objects in the same location until they are taught otherwise. 
E)  Infants can succeed in A-not-B tasks with a little help from the experimenter.

Question 8

The finding that "individuals who engage in joint attention in infancy tend to perform better on language acquisition tasks in childhood" is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  an information processing view of cognitive development. 
B)  a nativist view of cognitive development. 
C)  a developmental systems view of cognitive development. 
D)  a cascade from social cognition. 
E)  cross-cultural consistency of social cognition. 
A)  an information processing view of cognitive development. 
B)  a nativist view of cognitive development. 
C)  a developmental systems view of cognitive development. 
D)  a cascade from social cognition. 
E)  cross-cultural consistency of social cognition.

Question 9

Piaget argued that young infants are not able to mentally represent the world until they develop the concept of object permanence through interaction with their environment. How might a nativist researcher counter this argument?

Accepted Answer

Nativists would state that Piaget did no

Question 10

In an approximate number sense experiment, researchers observed that 9-month-old Jasmine was able to distinguish number arrays that differed by a ratio of 2:3, while 6-month-old Kylie was not. What can we conclude about the about the two infants' number sense?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jasmine is able to mentally represent numbers, while Kylie is not. 
B)  Jasmine has learned to count, while Kylie has not. 
C)  Jasmine has a more developed approximate number sense than Kylie. 
D)  Jasmine is able to deal with bigger numbers than Kylie. 
E)  Jasmine has gained the ability to understand ratios, while Kylie has not. 
A)  Jasmine is able to mentally represent numbers, while Kylie is not. 
B)  Jasmine has learned to count, while Kylie has not. 
C)  Jasmine has a more developed approximate number sense than Kylie. 
D)  Jasmine is able to deal with bigger numbers than Kylie. 
E)  Jasmine has gained the ability to understand ratios, while Kylie has not.

Which statement best describes the results of the multicultural study by Callaghan, et al. on the development of social cognition?

According to critics of the nativist view of cognitive development, which is a possible alternative explanation of infants' longer looking times during experiments?

In habituation experiments, the fact that infants prefer to look at something new (novelty preference) is most often interpreted as the

According to research on the impacts of socioeconomic environment on infant development, infants from low-income households, on average, are at greater risk of not achieving full cognitive potential. This is most likely the result of

Nativists argue that infants are hardwired with core capacities related to the understanding of object permanence and physical rules. What are the main criticisms of this view based on the results of follow-up research?

What do modified A-not-B experiments that involve manipulations of infants' posture demonstrate?

The finding that "individuals who engage in joint attention in infancy tend to perform better on language acquisition tasks in childhood" is an example of

Piaget argued that young infants are not able to mentally represent the world until they develop the concept of object permanence through interaction with their environment. How might a nativist researcher counter this argument?

In an approximate number sense experiment, researchers observed that 9-month-old Jasmine was able to distinguish number arrays that differed by a ratio of 2:3, while 6-month-old Kylie was not. What can we conclude about the about the two infants' number sense?

Goals, Theories, and Methods

Heredity, Environment, and the Brain

Prenatal and Postnatal Health and Physical Development

Perceptual and Motor Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Cognitive and Language Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Filters

Exam 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Which statement best describes the results of the multicultural study by Callaghan, et al. on the development of social cognition?

According to critics of the nativist view of cognitive development, which is a possible alternative explanation of infants' longer looking times during experiments?

In habituation experiments, the fact that infants prefer to look at something new (novelty preference) is most often interpreted as the

According to research on the impacts of socioeconomic environment on infant development, infants from low-income households, on average, are at greater risk of not achieving full cognitive potential. This is most likely the result of

Nativists argue that infants are hardwired with core capacities related to the understanding of object permanence and physical rules. What are the main criticisms of this view based on the results of follow-up research?

What do modified A-not-B experiments that involve manipulations of infants' posture demonstrate?

The finding that "individuals who engage in joint attention in infancy tend to perform better on language acquisition tasks in childhood" is an example of

Piaget argued that young infants are not able to mentally represent the world until they develop the concept of object permanence through interaction with their environment. How might a nativist researcher counter this argument?

In an approximate number sense experiment, researchers observed that 9-month-old Jasmine was able to distinguish number arrays that differed by a ratio of 2:3, while 6-month-old Kylie was not. What can we conclude about the about the two infants' number sense?

Goals, Theories, and Methods

Heredity, Environment, and the Brain

Prenatal and Postnatal Health and Physical Development

Perceptual and Motor Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Cognitive and Language Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Filters