Question 1

What are the problem focus, scope, and level of explanation of these theories?

Accepted Answer

The problem focus of these theories is criminal behavior and, in particular, crime that occurs in the context of the group and, in response, to influences of the group.
The scope of these theories is quite broad. Some common crimes and forms of minor deviance can be explained based on this theory, as can more serious and unusual types of crime, such as riots, hooliganism, military massacres, and genocides.
The level of explanation of these theories is the intersection between the role of group influences (meso) and individual behavior (micro).

Question 2

Reciprocal determinism suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior is determined by the interaction of external factors. 
B)  behavior is determined by the interaction of internal factors. 
C)  behavior is determined by choices that rational actors make. 
D)  free will and determinism are incompatible with each other. 
E)  free will and determinism are compatible with each other. 
A)  behavior is determined by the interaction of external factors. 
B)  behavior is determined by the interaction of internal factors. 
C)  behavior is determined by choices that rational actors make. 
D)  free will and determinism are incompatible with each other. 
E)  free will and determinism are compatible with each other. E

Question 3

Deindividuation theories refer to long-term processes that focus on a person's learning history, whereas social cognitive theories identify short-term processes that are very sensitive to group dynamics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Deindividuation refers to the process in which an individual loses his or her sense of self while in a crowd, causing the behavior to be more susceptible to various types of social control.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

What assumptions are made by psychological process theories?

Accepted Answer

Psychological process theories assume th

Question 6

Self-differentiated individuals are less likely to be subject to the effects of deindividuation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

According to psychological process theorists, stop-and-frisk policies may undermine police legitimacy in the eyes of the public.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

How have psychological process theories been applied to the criminal justice system?

Accepted Answer

The research in this area suggests our c

Question 9

Social cognitive theories are often referred to as social learning theories.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Vicarious reinforcement refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  a process by which a person receives reinforcement from another individual who empathizes with him or her. 
B)  a process by which a person is reinforced through direct rewards. 
C)  a process by which a person experiences reinforcement by observing another person being reinforced. 
D)  a process by which a person's behavior is affected by seeing someone else being punished. 
E)  all of the above. 
A)  a process by which a person receives reinforcement from another individual who empathizes with him or her. 
B)  a process by which a person is reinforced through direct rewards. 
C)  a process by which a person experiences reinforcement by observing another person being reinforced. 
D)  a process by which a person's behavior is affected by seeing someone else being punished. 
E)  all of the above.

Question 11

According to the psychological process theorists, humans are essentially blank slates. What is their underlying justification for this belief?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behavior is shaped by one's attachments to the people around him or her. 
B)  To thrive socially, humans adjust their behavior to their key reference groups. 
C)  The human brain exhibits a great deal of plasticity and is geared to adjust to one's environment to allow him or her to adapt and survive. 
D)  People have free will and are capable of making choices based on their inherent rationality. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  Behavior is shaped by one's attachments to the people around him or her. 
B)  To thrive socially, humans adjust their behavior to their key reference groups. 
C)  The human brain exhibits a great deal of plasticity and is geared to adjust to one's environment to allow him or her to adapt and survive. 
D)  People have free will and are capable of making choices based on their inherent rationality. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 12

Modeling, observational learning, and imitation all refer to the same process.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Compare and contrast research on psychological process theories. What are some examples of important research on these theories?

Accepted Answer

Research in this area includes a variety

Question 14

Psychological process theorists view the law as an unchanging entity that is perfectly capable of distinguishing between criminals and noncriminals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Psychological process theories are least useful for addressing which problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  White-collar crime 
B)  Soccer hooliganism 
C)  Genocides 
D)  Serial murder 
E)  Riots 
A)  White-collar crime 
B)  Soccer hooliganism 
C)  Genocides 
D)  Serial murder 
E)  Riots

Question 16

Which of the following was not a major influence on the psychological process theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  Le Bon's work on crowd behaviors 
B)  Freud's psychoanalytic approach 
C)  Tarde's laws of imitation 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Le Bon's work on crowd behaviors 
B)  Freud's psychoanalytic approach 
C)  Tarde's laws of imitation 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is not a key variable in deindividuation theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anonymity 
B)  Displacement of responsibility 
C)  Physiological arousal 
D)  Attachment to peers 
E)  Intoxication 
A)  Anonymity 
B)  Displacement of responsibility 
C)  Physiological arousal 
D)  Attachment to peers 
E)  Intoxication

Question 18

Explain the historical and social contexts that gave rise to these process theories.

Accepted Answer

Psychological process theories emerge ba

Question 19

Which type of modeling was not identified in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Live modeling 
B)  Verbal modeling 
C)  Symbolic modeling 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Live modeling 
B)  Verbal modeling 
C)  Symbolic modeling 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 20

Which of the following is false according to the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  People learn to suppress their aggressive impulses through socialization and social interaction. 
B)  Aggression results from lacking an outlet to release pent-up anxiety. 
C)  The hypothesis combines ideas from Freudian psychoanalysis with elements of early learning theories. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  People learn to suppress their aggressive impulses through socialization and social interaction. 
B)  Aggression results from lacking an outlet to release pent-up anxiety. 
C)  The hypothesis combines ideas from Freudian psychoanalysis with elements of early learning theories. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above.

What are the problem focus, scope, and level of explanation of these theories?

Reciprocal determinism suggests that:

Deindividuation theories refer to long-term processes that focus on a person's learning history, whereas social cognitive theories identify short-term processes that are very sensitive to group dynamics.

Deindividuation refers to the process in which an individual loses his or her sense of self while in a crowd, causing the behavior to be more susceptible to various types of social control.

What assumptions are made by psychological process theories?

Self-differentiated individuals are less likely to be subject to the effects of deindividuation.

According to psychological process theorists, stop-and-frisk policies may undermine police legitimacy in the eyes of the public.

How have psychological process theories been applied to the criminal justice system?

Social cognitive theories are often referred to as social learning theories.

Vicarious reinforcement refers to:

According to the psychological process theorists, humans are essentially blank slates. What is their underlying justification for this belief?

Modeling, observational learning, and imitation all refer to the same process.

Compare and contrast research on psychological process theories. What are some examples of important research on these theories?

Psychological process theorists view the law as an unchanging entity that is perfectly capable of distinguishing between criminals and noncriminals.

Psychological process theories are least useful for addressing which problem?

Which of the following was not a major influence on the psychological process theories?

Which of the following is not a key variable in deindividuation theory?

Explain the historical and social contexts that gave rise to these process theories.

Which type of modeling was not identified in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Which of the following is false according to the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Basic Principles of Theorizing and Mapping

The Seven-Step Model and Early Explanations of Criminality

Biological Positivist Theories

Psychological Positivist Theories

Differential Association and Social Learning Theories

Control Theories

Labeling Theories

Social Disorganization Theories

Social Strain and Anomie Theories

Conflict Theories

Rational Choice Theories

Integrated and General Theories

Biosocial Theories

Developmental and Life Course Theories

Conclusion

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Exam 5: Psychological Process Theories

What are the problem focus, scope, and level of explanation of these theories?

Reciprocal determinism suggests that:

Deindividuation theories refer to long-term processes that focus on a person's learning history, whereas social cognitive theories identify short-term processes that are very sensitive to group dynamics.

Deindividuation refers to the process in which an individual loses his or her sense of self while in a crowd, causing the behavior to be more susceptible to various types of social control.

What assumptions are made by psychological process theories?

Self-differentiated individuals are less likely to be subject to the effects of deindividuation.

According to psychological process theorists, stop-and-frisk policies may undermine police legitimacy in the eyes of the public.

How have psychological process theories been applied to the criminal justice system?

Social cognitive theories are often referred to as social learning theories.

Vicarious reinforcement refers to:

According to the psychological process theorists, humans are essentially blank slates. What is their underlying justification for this belief?

Modeling, observational learning, and imitation all refer to the same process.

Compare and contrast research on psychological process theories. What are some examples of important research on these theories?

Psychological process theorists view the law as an unchanging entity that is perfectly capable of distinguishing between criminals and noncriminals.

Psychological process theories are least useful for addressing which problem?

Which of the following was not a major influence on the psychological process theories?

Which of the following is not a key variable in deindividuation theory?

Explain the historical and social contexts that gave rise to these process theories.

Which type of modeling was not identified in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Which of the following is false according to the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Basic Principles of Theorizing and Mapping

The Seven-Step Model and Early Explanations of Criminality

Biological Positivist Theories

Psychological Positivist Theories

Differential Association and Social Learning Theories

Control Theories

Labeling Theories

Social Disorganization Theories

Social Strain and Anomie Theories

Conflict Theories

Rational Choice Theories

Integrated and General Theories

Biosocial Theories

Developmental and Life Course Theories

Conclusion

Filters