Question 1

One major criticism of some integrated theories is that they attempt to combine conflicting assumptions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Which of the following is false with regard to Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  It says communist societies have higher levels of crime than capitalist societies. 
B)  It draws on labeling, control, subcultural, and social learning theories. 
C)  It suggests that disintegrative shaming is beneficial because it allows law enforcement to keep track of offenders. 
D)  It is a clear example of conceptual integration. 
E)  It argues that reintegrative shaming creates a society of outcasts and strengthens the criminal subcultures. 
A)  It says communist societies have higher levels of crime than capitalist societies. 
B)  It draws on labeling, control, subcultural, and social learning theories. 
C)  It suggests that disintegrative shaming is beneficial because it allows law enforcement to keep track of offenders. 
D)  It is a clear example of conceptual integration. 
E)  It argues that reintegrative shaming creates a society of outcasts and strengthens the criminal subcultures. B

Question 3

List the three types of integration and how these integrative efforts operate.

Accepted Answer

There are several different varieties and subvarieties of integration. First, there is conceptual and propositional integration. Conceptual integration involves linking concepts from different theories under one overarching theoretical framework or perspective. Another type of integration is referred to as propositional integration. In this approach, the theorist logically combines propositions from different theories to make them fit together. There are three subvarieties of this type of integration. The first is end-to-end (or sequential) integration in which the theorist arranges propositions in a developmental sequence. Side-by-side (horizontal) integration is where the theorist creates special theories for different types of criminological phenomena. Up-and-down (deductive) integration is when one theory absorbs another because it has more abstract propositions.

Question 4

The integrated general theory offered by Agnew incorporates ideas from individual difference, process, and structural theories.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Pick four integrated theories. How do these theories build on past theories and research?

Accepted Answer

Social support and coercion theory combi

Question 6

Research on general strain theory has unequivocally supported the idea that negative emotions lead to crime and that the process of becoming a criminal is contingent on low levels of social support and exposure to criminal peers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Tittle's control balance theory:

Accepted Answer

A)  suggests that control varies not only between individuals but also from situation to situation. 
B)  claims that a control surplus creates repressive deviance. 
C)  fails to account for opportunity-related variables. 
D)  suggests that bizarre crimes can result when an individual has a control surplus. 
E)  all of the above. 
A)  suggests that control varies not only between individuals but also from situation to situation. 
B)  claims that a control surplus creates repressive deviance. 
C)  fails to account for opportunity-related variables. 
D)  suggests that bizarre crimes can result when an individual has a control surplus. 
E)  all of the above.

Question 8

What are some of the practical approaches and programs suggested by integrated theories?

Accepted Answer

Integrationists argue that practical sol

Question 9

Integrated and general theories suggest that:

Accepted Answer

A)  social support is important to preventing and reducing crime. 
B)  the best way to control crime is through the manipulation of the physical environment. 
C)  rehabilitation and treatment will be ineffective without proper punishment. 
D)  informal social control can be raised by increased police visibility. 
E)  the most effective anticrime measures focus on reforming chronic offenders. 
A)  social support is important to preventing and reducing crime. 
B)  the best way to control crime is through the manipulation of the physical environment. 
C)  rehabilitation and treatment will be ineffective without proper punishment. 
D)  informal social control can be raised by increased police visibility. 
E)  the most effective anticrime measures focus on reforming chronic offenders.

Question 10

According to Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory, stigmatization results in a breakdown of informal social control and lack of legitimate opportunities, making criminal subcultures more attractive to offenders.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Why has the complexity of integration led to critiques? What critique do you think is the most important for integration theorists to consider?

Accepted Answer

There are many different ideas in crimin

Question 12

Research on reintegrative shaming indicates that white-collar crime can be reduced through a combination of severe punishment and increased accountability.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which of the following is true with respect to Agnew's general strain theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  It suggests that societies with low levels of communitarianism and interdependency will stigmatize eroding their bond to wider society and that this will reduce their opportunities for legitimate success in society. 
B)  It claims that the class structure of society plays an important role in explaining the variations in offending between males and females. 
C)  It focuses on how negative relationships pressure people into crime. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  It suggests that societies with low levels of communitarianism and interdependency will stigmatize eroding their bond to wider society and that this will reduce their opportunities for legitimate success in society. 
B)  It claims that the class structure of society plays an important role in explaining the variations in offending between males and females. 
C)  It focuses on how negative relationships pressure people into crime. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of conceptual integration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Colvin and colleagues' social support and coercion theory 
B)  Elliot and associates' strain-control paradigm 
C)  Agnew's general strain theory 
D)  Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory 
E)  Hagan's power control theory 
A)  Colvin and colleagues' social support and coercion theory 
B)  Elliot and associates' strain-control paradigm 
C)  Agnew's general strain theory 
D)  Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory 
E)  Hagan's power control theory

Question 15

Integrated theories:

Accepted Answer

A)  assume that people are naturally selfish and serve to maximize their own pleasure. 
B)  very rarely incorporate learning elements. 
C)  are essentially conflict theories of criminal behavior. 
D)  often ignore earlier theories such as strain, control, and differential association theories. 
E)  embrace soft determinism or the notion that that humans both shape and are shaped by their environment. 
A)  assume that people are naturally selfish and serve to maximize their own pleasure. 
B)  very rarely incorporate learning elements. 
C)  are essentially conflict theories of criminal behavior. 
D)  often ignore earlier theories such as strain, control, and differential association theories. 
E)  embrace soft determinism or the notion that that humans both shape and are shaped by their environment.

Question 16

Integration is widely accepted in criminology, and this approach has very few critics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Robert Agnew's general strain theory was intended to be an extension of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Many integrated theories are also intended to be general theories of criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The integrative tradition in criminology:

Accepted Answer

A)  has a long history dating back to the 19th century. 
B)  made great use of biological and psychological explanations but neglected sociology. 
C)  has received a great deal of criticism despite appearing to be a logical step in theory development. 
D)  emerged during the 1980s and 1990s, a time when criminological theories were developing very rapidly. 
E)  all of the above. 
A)  has a long history dating back to the 19th century. 
B)  made great use of biological and psychological explanations but neglected sociology. 
C)  has received a great deal of criticism despite appearing to be a logical step in theory development. 
D)  emerged during the 1980s and 1990s, a time when criminological theories were developing very rapidly. 
E)  all of the above.

Question 20

What assumptions do integrated theories make?

Accepted Answer

Integrated theories do not make a unifor

One major criticism of some integrated theories is that they attempt to combine conflicting assumptions.

Which of the following is false with regard to Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory?

List the three types of integration and how these integrative efforts operate.

The integrated general theory offered by Agnew incorporates ideas from individual difference, process, and structural theories.

Pick four integrated theories. How do these theories build on past theories and research?

Research on general strain theory has unequivocally supported the idea that negative emotions lead to crime and that the process of becoming a criminal is contingent on low levels of social support and exposure to criminal peers.

Tittle's control balance theory:

What are some of the practical approaches and programs suggested by integrated theories?

Integrated and general theories suggest that:

According to Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory, stigmatization results in a breakdown of informal social control and lack of legitimate opportunities, making criminal subcultures more attractive to offenders.

Why has the complexity of integration led to critiques? What critique do you think is the most important for integration theorists to consider?

Research on reintegrative shaming indicates that white-collar crime can be reduced through a combination of severe punishment and increased accountability.

Which of the following is true with respect to Agnew's general strain theory?

Which of the following is an example of conceptual integration?

Integrated theories:

Integration is widely accepted in criminology, and this approach has very few critics.

Robert Agnew's general strain theory was intended to be an extension of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory.

Many integrated theories are also intended to be general theories of criminal behavior.

The integrative tradition in criminology:

What assumptions do integrated theories make?

Basic Principles of Theorizing and Mapping

The Seven-Step Model and Early Explanations of Criminality

Biological Positivist Theories

Psychological Positivist Theories

Psychological Process Theories

Differential Association and Social Learning Theories

Control Theories

Labeling Theories

Social Disorganization Theories

Social Strain and Anomie Theories

Conflict Theories

Rational Choice Theories

Biosocial Theories

Developmental and Life Course Theories

Conclusion

Filters

Exam 13: Integrated and General Theories

One major criticism of some integrated theories is that they attempt to combine conflicting assumptions.

Which of the following is false with regard to Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory?

List the three types of integration and how these integrative efforts operate.

The integrated general theory offered by Agnew incorporates ideas from individual difference, process, and structural theories.

Pick four integrated theories. How do these theories build on past theories and research?

Research on general strain theory has unequivocally supported the idea that negative emotions lead to crime and that the process of becoming a criminal is contingent on low levels of social support and exposure to criminal peers.

Tittle's control balance theory:

What are some of the practical approaches and programs suggested by integrated theories?

Integrated and general theories suggest that:

According to Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory, stigmatization results in a breakdown of informal social control and lack of legitimate opportunities, making criminal subcultures more attractive to offenders.

Why has the complexity of integration led to critiques? What critique do you think is the most important for integration theorists to consider?

Research on reintegrative shaming indicates that white-collar crime can be reduced through a combination of severe punishment and increased accountability.

Which of the following is true with respect to Agnew's general strain theory?

Which of the following is an example of conceptual integration?

Integrated theories:

Integration is widely accepted in criminology, and this approach has very few critics.

Robert Agnew's general strain theory was intended to be an extension of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory.

Many integrated theories are also intended to be general theories of criminal behavior.

The integrative tradition in criminology:

What assumptions do integrated theories make?

Basic Principles of Theorizing and Mapping

The Seven-Step Model and Early Explanations of Criminality

Biological Positivist Theories

Psychological Positivist Theories

Psychological Process Theories

Differential Association and Social Learning Theories

Control Theories

Labeling Theories

Social Disorganization Theories

Social Strain and Anomie Theories

Conflict Theories

Rational Choice Theories

Biosocial Theories

Developmental and Life Course Theories

Conclusion

Filters