Question 1

Unconscious transference is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  when neither the police officer administering the lineup nor the witness knows who is the suspect in the lineup 
B)  when stereotypes and false memories bias the witness to select a particular suspect 
C)  when the witness avoids to point to a suspect for some personal reason and instead selects some innocent individual 
D)  when previous exposure to a suspect leads to a feeling of familiarity that provides the sole basis for the identification of the suspect 
A)  when neither the police officer administering the lineup nor the witness knows who is the suspect in the lineup 
B)  when stereotypes and false memories bias the witness to select a particular suspect 
C)  when the witness avoids to point to a suspect for some personal reason and instead selects some innocent individual 
D)  when previous exposure to a suspect leads to a feeling of familiarity that provides the sole basis for the identification of the suspect D

Question 2

Pennington and Hastie (1992) suggest jurors, to remember all the information, cope by developing a story that combines three types of information together into a narrative. These types of information do not include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  case-specific information acquired during the trial 
B)  jurors' own knowledge about similar crimes, such as crimes they have read about in the past, or even previous criminal cases they have been involved with 
C)  jurors knowingly considering PTP, when the guilt or innocence of the suspect is not obvious 
D)  jurors' generic expectations about what makes a complete story, such as the knowledge that human behaviour is usually motivated by goals 
A)  case-specific information acquired during the trial 
B)  jurors' own knowledge about similar crimes, such as crimes they have read about in the past, or even previous criminal cases they have been involved with 
C)  jurors knowingly considering PTP, when the guilt or innocence of the suspect is not obvious 
D)  jurors' generic expectations about what makes a complete story, such as the knowledge that human behaviour is usually motivated by goals C

Question 3

Loftus and Palmer (1974) concluded that ________ has the potential to taint eyewitness testimony.

Accepted Answer

A)  the facts of the event 
B)  the honesty of the witness 
C)  post-event information, such as leading questions 
D)  the level of trauma in the event 
A)  the facts of the event 
B)  the honesty of the witness 
C)  post-event information, such as leading questions 
D)  the level of trauma in the event C

Question 4

Today, the majority of practicing clinicians ________ the possibility of repressed and recovered memories and ________ in therapeutic activities that may lead to the development of false memories.

Accepted Answer

A)  support; engage 
B)  refute; avoid engaging 
C)  support; avoid engaging 
D)  refute; engage 
A)  support; engage 
B)  refute; avoid engaging 
C)  support; avoid engaging 
D)  refute; engage

Question 5

The more a person imagines a fictitious event, the more likely the person is to develop a false memory that the event actually occurred. What evidence has been presented by researchers to support this statement? What are the practical implications of this statement?

Accepted Answer

After discovering the influence that pos

Question 6

Negative PTP is ________ that depicts the defendant in a way that suggests ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  pre-trial publicity; the defendant committed the crime or was capable of committing the crime she or he is accused of committing 
B)  post-trial publicity; the defendant committed the crime and that could affect the outcome of any subsequent appeal 
C)  pre-trial publicity; the defendant did not commit the crime or was incapable of committing the crime she or he is accused of committing 
D)  post-trial publicity; the defendant committed the crime and that could affect the outcome of any subsequent civil proceeding 
A)  pre-trial publicity; the defendant committed the crime or was capable of committing the crime she or he is accused of committing 
B)  post-trial publicity; the defendant committed the crime and that could affect the outcome of any subsequent appeal 
C)  pre-trial publicity; the defendant did not commit the crime or was incapable of committing the crime she or he is accused of committing 
D)  post-trial publicity; the defendant committed the crime and that could affect the outcome of any subsequent civil proceeding

Question 7

According to Brewer and Wells (2011), with the use of confidence ratings, an investigator ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  could take a high confidence discrepancy between a suspect and similar-looking fillers as an indicator that the eyewitness recognized the culprit 
B)  could not take a low discrepancy between confidence ratings to indicate that the eyewitness did not recognize any of the faces as being that of the culprit 
C)  could not take a high confidence discrepancy between a suspect and similar-looking fillers as an indicator that the eyewitness recognized the culprit 
D)  does not have a more reliable tool compared to the classic yes/no procedure 
A)  could take a high confidence discrepancy between a suspect and similar-looking fillers as an indicator that the eyewitness recognized the culprit 
B)  could not take a low discrepancy between confidence ratings to indicate that the eyewitness did not recognize any of the faces as being that of the culprit 
C)  could not take a high confidence discrepancy between a suspect and similar-looking fillers as an indicator that the eyewitness recognized the culprit 
D)  does not have a more reliable tool compared to the classic yes/no procedure

Question 8

In 1932, Yale law professor Edwin Borcand wrote write Convicting the Innocent. Borcand claimed, based on his analysis of 65 cases, that ________ was the single leading cause of wrongful convictions.

Accepted Answer

A)  eyewitness corruption 
B)  false memories 
C)  eyewitness misidentification 
D)  cultural stereotypes 
A)  eyewitness corruption 
B)  false memories 
C)  eyewitness misidentification 
D)  cultural stereotypes

Question 9

According to Loftus (1979), a person ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  maintains any number of representations, each created by a misinformation event 
B)  maintains at least three representations, one original and two new, each of which can be used as a point of reference 
C)  maintains at least two representations, one original and one new, each of which can be used as a point of reference 
D)  does not maintain two representations, one original and one new, but rather a single integrated point of reference 
A)  maintains any number of representations, each created by a misinformation event 
B)  maintains at least three representations, one original and two new, each of which can be used as a point of reference 
C)  maintains at least two representations, one original and one new, each of which can be used as a point of reference 
D)  does not maintain two representations, one original and one new, but rather a single integrated point of reference

Question 10

Pennington and Hastie (1992) demonstrated that jurors also tend to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  accept the last story they heard, the so-called "recency effect" 
B)  rely on the story that is easiest to construe, not necessarily the story that is most just 
C)  prefer the story that is closer to their own stereotypes 
D)  rely on the story that is most difficult to construe, as long as it confirms PTP 
A)  accept the last story they heard, the so-called "recency effect" 
B)  rely on the story that is easiest to construe, not necessarily the story that is most just 
C)  prefer the story that is closer to their own stereotypes 
D)  rely on the story that is most difficult to construe, as long as it confirms PTP

Question 11

Beginning in the 1970s, research began to reveal that people are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  very good eyewitnesses but only if they are brought back to the same physical context where the witnessed event took place 
B)  not very good eyewitnesses at all: before-the-fact information can change our memories, thus recollection can actually make us forget we have a memory for something 
C)  mediocre eyewitnesses, since for example after-the-fact information can create flashbulb memories 
D)  not very good eyewitnesses at all: after-the-fact information can change our memories, and recollection can actually make us believe we have a memory for something that didn't occur 
A)  very good eyewitnesses but only if they are brought back to the same physical context where the witnessed event took place 
B)  not very good eyewitnesses at all: before-the-fact information can change our memories, thus recollection can actually make us forget we have a memory for something 
C)  mediocre eyewitnesses, since for example after-the-fact information can create flashbulb memories 
D)  not very good eyewitnesses at all: after-the-fact information can change our memories, and recollection can actually make us believe we have a memory for something that didn't occur

Question 12

Two aspects of the jury deliberation process (see, e.g., Rosenhan et al., 1994) are assumed to improve memory of jurors: _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  memory pooling and play back of videos recording the court proceedings 
B)  memory pooling and error correction 
C)  error correction and play back of videos recording the court proceedings 
D)  error correction and brainstorming all possible narratives of the events under examination 
E)  e.g., Rosenhan et al., 1994) are assumed to improve memory of jurors: _________. 
A)  memory pooling and play back of videos recording the court proceedings 
B)  memory pooling and error correction 
C)  error correction and play back of videos recording the court proceedings 
D)  error correction and brainstorming all possible narratives of the events under examination 
E)  e.g., Rosenhan et al., 1994) are assumed to improve memory of jurors: _________.

Question 13

Imagination inflation is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  when a person comes to believe multiple versions of an imagined event 
B)  when a person comes to believe that her or his memory of an imagined event represents a memory for an event that occurred 
C)  when a person comes to believe that a real event did not occur at all 
D)  when police provide a suspect of a crime information that only the culprit would know 
A)  when a person comes to believe multiple versions of an imagined event 
B)  when a person comes to believe that her or his memory of an imagined event represents a memory for an event that occurred 
C)  when a person comes to believe that a real event did not occur at all 
D)  when police provide a suspect of a crime information that only the culprit would know

Question 14

Why, according to Loftus (1979), does being presented with blatantly false information seem to inoculate participants from more subtle types of misinformation?

Accepted Answer

Loftus (1979) wondered why being present

Question 15

For a long time, a positive identification in a police lineup was regarded as proof that a person was the perpetrator, and ________ were generally believed to represent what really occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)  supporting pieces of evidence presented in the courtroom 
B)  recounts by eyewitnesses in courtroom testimony 
C)  the social position and reputation of eyewitnesses in courtroom testimony 
D)  the lack of alternative theories and consensus of public opinion 
A)  supporting pieces of evidence presented in the courtroom 
B)  recounts by eyewitnesses in courtroom testimony 
C)  the social position and reputation of eyewitnesses in courtroom testimony 
D)  the lack of alternative theories and consensus of public opinion

Question 16

The more a person imagines a fictitious event, the more likely the person in to develop ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a false memory that the event actually occurred 
B)  skepticism about the possibility that the event could occur 
C)  motivation to make the fictitious event a reality 
D)  confusion about the details of the fictitious event 
A)  a false memory that the event actually occurred 
B)  skepticism about the possibility that the event could occur 
C)  motivation to make the fictitious event a reality 
D)  confusion about the details of the fictitious event

Question 17

Loftus et al. (1978) in a large-scale study exploring the influence of post-event information on memory used a ________ in order to reduce possible confounds introduced by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  word stem completion task; utilizing different modalities during different phases of the experiment 
B)  recognition procedure; different levels of understanding of the English language among participants 
C)  computerized procedure; personal biases 
D)  recognition procedure; utilizing different modalities during different phases of the experiment 
A)  word stem completion task; utilizing different modalities during different phases of the experiment 
B)  recognition procedure; different levels of understanding of the English language among participants 
C)  computerized procedure; personal biases 
D)  recognition procedure; utilizing different modalities during different phases of the experiment

Question 18

How can pre-trial publicity affect the verdict of a jury?

Accepted Answer

Ruva and McEvoy (2008) found that jurors

Question 19

What is brain fingerprinting and what criticisms have been levelled against the method?

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Farwell developed a highly cont

Question 20

Research suggests that the cross-race effect (CRE) is about ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  remembering the faces of people of a different race 
B)  remembering the faces of people from our in-groups 
C)  remembering the faces of all people, regardless of race 
D)  forgetting all faces once they have been recognized 
A)  remembering the faces of people of a different race 
B)  remembering the faces of people from our in-groups 
C)  remembering the faces of all people, regardless of race 
D)  forgetting all faces once they have been recognized

Unconscious transference is ________.

Pennington and Hastie (1992) suggest jurors, to remember all the information, cope by developing a story that combines three types of information together into a narrative. These types of information do not include ________.

Loftus and Palmer (1974) concluded that ________ has the potential to taint eyewitness testimony.

Today, the majority of practicing clinicians the possibility of repressed and recovered memories and in therapeutic activities that may lead to the development of false memories.

The more a person imagines a fictitious event, the more likely the person is to develop a false memory that the event actually occurred. What evidence has been presented by researchers to support this statement? What are the practical implications of this statement?

Negative PTP is that depicts the defendant in a way that suggests .

According to Brewer and Wells (2011), with the use of confidence ratings, an investigator ________.

In 1932, Yale law professor Edwin Borcand wrote write Convicting the Innocent. Borcand claimed, based on his analysis of 65 cases, that ________ was the single leading cause of wrongful convictions.

According to Loftus (1979), a person ________.

Pennington and Hastie (1992) demonstrated that jurors also tend to ________.

Beginning in the 1970s, research began to reveal that people are ________.

Two aspects of the jury deliberation process (see, e.g., Rosenhan et al., 1994) are assumed to improve memory of jurors: _________.

Imagination inflation is ________.

Why, according to Loftus (1979), does being presented with blatantly false information seem to inoculate participants from more subtle types of misinformation?

For a long time, a positive identification in a police lineup was regarded as proof that a person was the perpetrator, and ________ were generally believed to represent what really occurred.

The more a person imagines a fictitious event, the more likely the person in to develop ________.

Loftus et al. (1978) in a large-scale study exploring the influence of post-event information on memory used a in order to reduce possible confounds introduced by .

How can pre-trial publicity affect the verdict of a jury?

What is brain fingerprinting and what criticisms have been levelled against the method?

Research suggests that the cross-race effect (CRE) is about ________.

The Study of Memory

Sensory Persistence and Information Persistence

Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Explicit and Implicit Memory

Episodic Memory and Autobiographical Memory

Generic Memory

Forgetting

Memory Across the Lifespan

Memory and Our Social Selves

Memory and the Marketplace

Memory, the Body, and Health

Exceptional Memory, Mnemonics, and Expertise

Filters

Exam 11: Memory and the Law

Unconscious transference is ________.

Pennington and Hastie (1992) suggest jurors, to remember all the information, cope by developing a story that combines three types of information together into a narrative. These types of information do not include ________.

Loftus and Palmer (1974) concluded that ________ has the potential to taint eyewitness testimony.

Today, the majority of practicing clinicians ________ the possibility of repressed and recovered memories and ________ in therapeutic activities that may lead to the development of false memories.

The more a person imagines a fictitious event, the more likely the person is to develop a false memory that the event actually occurred. What evidence has been presented by researchers to support this statement? What are the practical implications of this statement?

Negative PTP is ________ that depicts the defendant in a way that suggests ________.

According to Brewer and Wells (2011), with the use of confidence ratings, an investigator ________.

In 1932, Yale law professor Edwin Borcand wrote write Convicting the Innocent. Borcand claimed, based on his analysis of 65 cases, that ________ was the single leading cause of wrongful convictions.

According to Loftus (1979), a person ________.

Pennington and Hastie (1992) demonstrated that jurors also tend to ________.

Beginning in the 1970s, research began to reveal that people are ________.

Two aspects of the jury deliberation process (see, e.g., Rosenhan et al., 1994) are assumed to improve memory of jurors: _________.

Imagination inflation is ________.

Why, according to Loftus (1979), does being presented with blatantly false information seem to inoculate participants from more subtle types of misinformation?

For a long time, a positive identification in a police lineup was regarded as proof that a person was the perpetrator, and ________ were generally believed to represent what really occurred.

The more a person imagines a fictitious event, the more likely the person in to develop ________.

Loftus et al. (1978) in a large-scale study exploring the influence of post-event information on memory used a ________ in order to reduce possible confounds introduced by ________.

How can pre-trial publicity affect the verdict of a jury?

What is brain fingerprinting and what criticisms have been levelled against the method?

Research suggests that the cross-race effect (CRE) is about ________.

The Study of Memory

Sensory Persistence and Information Persistence

Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Explicit and Implicit Memory

Episodic Memory and Autobiographical Memory

Generic Memory

Forgetting

Memory Across the Lifespan

Memory and Our Social Selves

Memory and the Marketplace

Memory, the Body, and Health

Exceptional Memory, Mnemonics, and Expertise

Filters

Today, the majority of practicing clinicians the possibility of repressed and recovered memories and in therapeutic activities that may lead to the development of false memories.

Negative PTP is that depicts the defendant in a way that suggests .

Loftus et al. (1978) in a large-scale study exploring the influence of post-event information on memory used a in order to reduce possible confounds introduced by .