Question 1

The ecological model of memory development is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  consistent with the neurogenic hypothesis of infantile amnesia, which suggests that infants have adapted rapid neurogenesis in the hippocampus to cope with the need to encode, and then forget, large amounts of information early in life 
B)  consistent with the language hypothesis of infantile amnesia 
C)  consistent with the trauma hypothesis of infantile amnesia 
D)  not consistent with the neurogenic hypothesis of infantile amnesia 
A)  consistent with the neurogenic hypothesis of infantile amnesia, which suggests that infants have adapted rapid neurogenesis in the hippocampus to cope with the need to encode, and then forget, large amounts of information early in life 
B)  consistent with the language hypothesis of infantile amnesia 
C)  consistent with the trauma hypothesis of infantile amnesia 
D)  not consistent with the neurogenic hypothesis of infantile amnesia A

Question 2

The results from sensory-preconditioning (SPC), potentiation, paired-comparison, and associative-chain experiments show that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  young infants cannot form detailed memories spontaneously and that these memories cannot be maintained for long periods of time-these results can be reconciled with the neuroanatomical model 
B)  young infants form detailed memories spontaneously and that these memories can be maintained for long periods of time-these results cannot be reconciled with the neuroanatomical model 
C)  young infants form detailed memories but these are rapidly forgotten 
D)  young infants form inaccurate memories but these memories can be maintained for long periods of time 
A)  young infants cannot form detailed memories spontaneously and that these memories cannot be maintained for long periods of time-these results can be reconciled with the neuroanatomical model 
B)  young infants form detailed memories spontaneously and that these memories can be maintained for long periods of time-these results cannot be reconciled with the neuroanatomical model 
C)  young infants form detailed memories but these are rapidly forgotten 
D)  young infants form inaccurate memories but these memories can be maintained for long periods of time B

Question 3

What characterizes memory as we age? Explain in detail.

Accepted Answer

As we age, several changes occur in our memory processes. One of the primary characteristics of memory as we age is a decline in both short-term and long-term memory. This means that older adults may have difficulty remembering recent events or experiences, as well as recalling information from the distant past. This decline in memory is often attributed to changes in the brain, including reduced blood flow and volume, as well as alterations in the structure and function of neurons.

Another characteristic of aging memory is a decrease in processing speed and cognitive flexibility. Older adults may take longer to encode and retrieve information, and they may also struggle with multitasking or switching between different tasks. This can impact their ability to learn new information and adapt to new situations.

Furthermore, older adults may experience an increase in memory errors, such as forgetting details or making false memories. This can be attributed to changes in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory formation, as well as alterations in attention and concentration.

It's important to note that while these changes are common in aging memory, they are not universal. Some older adults may maintain relatively intact memory function, while others may experience more significant declines. Additionally, engaging in activities that stimulate the brain, such as learning new skills or participating in social interactions, can help mitigate some of the effects of aging on memory. Overall, understanding the characteristics of aging memory can help individuals and healthcare professionals develop strategies to support cognitive health in older adults.

Question 4

One method for studying memory in fetuses is exposure learning. In this method, a fetus is exposed to a stimulus and ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  then any response to this stimulus is compared to the response to an unfamiliar stimulus 
B)  tested immediately after birth with the same stimulus 
C)  tested later, after the first year, with the same stimulus 
D)  then any response to this stimulus is compared to the response to the same stimulus 
A)  then any response to this stimulus is compared to the response to an unfamiliar stimulus 
B)  tested immediately after birth with the same stimulus 
C)  tested later, after the first year, with the same stimulus 
D)  then any response to this stimulus is compared to the response to the same stimulus

Question 5

The paired-comparison task is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an experimental paradigm in which an individual is familiarized with a stimulus and then, following a delay, presented with that stimulus and a novel stimulus during a test phase 
B)  an experimental paradigm in which an individual is habituated to a stimulus and then, following a delay, presented with the same stimulus and a novel stimulus during a test phase 
C)  an experimental paradigm in which an individual is exposed to a stimulus together with a much more salient stimulus 
D)  a test of associative memory to study language development 
A)  an experimental paradigm in which an individual is familiarized with a stimulus and then, following a delay, presented with that stimulus and a novel stimulus during a test phase 
B)  an experimental paradigm in which an individual is habituated to a stimulus and then, following a delay, presented with the same stimulus and a novel stimulus during a test phase 
C)  an experimental paradigm in which an individual is exposed to a stimulus together with a much more salient stimulus 
D)  a test of associative memory to study language development

Question 6

The work of DeCasper and Fifer (1980) and DeCasper and Spence (1986) suggests that infants ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  can encode speech sounds before the birth but cannot retain that information until after they are born 
B)  cannot encode speech sounds before the birth 
C)  can encode speech sounds before the birth, but only those from their own mother 
D)  can encode speech sounds before the birth and retain that information until after they are born 
A)  can encode speech sounds before the birth but cannot retain that information until after they are born 
B)  cannot encode speech sounds before the birth 
C)  can encode speech sounds before the birth, but only those from their own mother 
D)  can encode speech sounds before the birth and retain that information until after they are born

Question 7

The results from six tests administered by Finn et al. (2016) show that children perform worse than adults on tests of ________ but perform the same as adults on tests of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural/implicit memory; declarative/explicit memory 
B)  declarative/explicit memory; procedural/implicit memory 
C)  declarative/implicit memory; procedural/explicit memory 
D)  procedural/explicit memory; declarative/implicit memory 
A)  procedural/implicit memory; declarative/explicit memory 
B)  declarative/explicit memory; procedural/implicit memory 
C)  declarative/implicit memory; procedural/explicit memory 
D)  procedural/explicit memory; declarative/implicit memory

Question 8

In the debate about pros and cons of the different models of memory development, the neuroanatomical changes in the ________ that take place during the first year in life seem to impede infants in their ability to form long-lasting ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hippocampus; episodic memories 
B)  frontal cortex; episodic memories 
C)  hippocampus; generic memories 
D)  frontal cortex; generic memories 
A)  hippocampus; episodic memories 
B)  frontal cortex; episodic memories 
C)  hippocampus; generic memories 
D)  frontal cortex; generic memories

Question 9

What physiological changes occur in the brain as people age?

Accepted Answer

As people get older, the structure of th

Question 10

Using the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm, two-month-old infants are able to remember the connection between the ribbon and the novel stimulus for about ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  six weeks 
B)  two days, but the retention interval extends to as much as six weeks by the time the infant is six months old 
C)  two weeks, but the retention interval extends to as much as six weeks by the time the infant is six months old 
D)  two weeks, but the retention interval extends to as much as six months by the time the infant is six months old 
A)  six weeks 
B)  two days, but the retention interval extends to as much as six weeks by the time the infant is six months old 
C)  two weeks, but the retention interval extends to as much as six weeks by the time the infant is six months old 
D)  two weeks, but the retention interval extends to as much as six months by the time the infant is six months old

Question 11

Most research on infant memory has involved children who are at least ________ because infants who are this age or older have ________ than younger infants.

Accepted Answer

A)  six months old; better visual acuity and motor control 
B)  eight months old; better visual acuity and motor control 
C)  three months old; better visual acuity and motor control 
D)  three months old; better sense of smell and hearing 
A)  six months old; better visual acuity and motor control 
B)  eight months old; better visual acuity and motor control 
C)  three months old; better visual acuity and motor control 
D)  three months old; better sense of smell and hearing

Question 12

Imitation paradigms have shown that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  infants cannot learn simply by observing 
B)  infants struggle to retain learned information if given verbal cues 
C)  practice has little impact on infants' ability to retain learned tasks 
D)  verbal cues facilitate the generalization of information learned through imitation beginning around 24 months 
A)  infants cannot learn simply by observing 
B)  infants struggle to retain learned information if given verbal cues 
C)  practice has little impact on infants' ability to retain learned tasks 
D)  verbal cues facilitate the generalization of information learned through imitation beginning around 24 months

Question 13

Peter Hepper asked a group of pregnant women to eat garlic while pregnant, while another group was asked not to eat garlic. When tested 20 hours after birth, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  infants who had been exposed to garlic avoided the garlic smell, whereas those who had not been exposed to garlic did not 
B)  infants who had not been exposed to garlic avoided the garlic smell, whereas those who had been exposed to garlic did not 
C)  all infants were attracted by the garlic 
D)  none of the infants was attracted by the garlic 
A)  infants who had been exposed to garlic avoided the garlic smell, whereas those who had not been exposed to garlic did not 
B)  infants who had not been exposed to garlic avoided the garlic smell, whereas those who had been exposed to garlic did not 
C)  all infants were attracted by the garlic 
D)  none of the infants was attracted by the garlic

Question 14

Associative-chain paradigms test to see whether an individual will form an association between two stimuli ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  presented a long time before only once but whose association was reminded repeatedly with the presentation of the same context 
B)  that have been presented before only twice, but that have been connected in between repeatedly through a series of associations 
C)  that have been presented before only once, but that have been connected later repeatedly through a series of associations 
D)  that have never been presented before, but that are connected through a series of associations 
A)  presented a long time before only once but whose association was reminded repeatedly with the presentation of the same context 
B)  that have been presented before only twice, but that have been connected in between repeatedly through a series of associations 
C)  that have been presented before only once, but that have been connected later repeatedly through a series of associations 
D)  that have never been presented before, but that are connected through a series of associations

Question 15

What is potentiation in the context of memory development and why does it occur?

Accepted Answer

Potentiation occurs when, compared to a

Question 16

What is sensory preconditioning and what do sensory preconditioning experiments reveal about memory development?

Accepted Answer

Sensory preconditioning (SPC) occurs whe

Question 17

According to the neuroanatomical model of memory development, the early-maturing system mediates ________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  complex encoding of explicit memories-the model predicts that infants younger than nine months of age will have stable memory traces rich in detail 
B)  memories of simple learned procedures and perceptual and motor skills but does not allow for complex encoding-the neuroanatomical model predicts that infants younger than nine months of age will have unstable memory traces 
C)  both memories of simple perceptual and motor skills and of complex explicit encoding 
D)  both memories of complex perceptual and motor skills and of simple explicit encoding 
A)  complex encoding of explicit memories-the model predicts that infants younger than nine months of age will have stable memory traces rich in detail 
B)  memories of simple learned procedures and perceptual and motor skills but does not allow for complex encoding-the neuroanatomical model predicts that infants younger than nine months of age will have unstable memory traces 
C)  both memories of simple perceptual and motor skills and of complex explicit encoding 
D)  both memories of complex perceptual and motor skills and of simple explicit encoding

Question 18

According to Jackson (1884), ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the last system that an animal loses when the animal is injured will be last system that developed in that animal 
B)  human development recapitulates animal development 
C)  the first system that an animal loses when the animal is injured will be last system that developed in that animal 
D)  childhood memories are suppressed to protect development from trauma 
A)  the last system that an animal loses when the animal is injured will be last system that developed in that animal 
B)  human development recapitulates animal development 
C)  the first system that an animal loses when the animal is injured will be last system that developed in that animal 
D)  childhood memories are suppressed to protect development from trauma

Question 19

In the transfer phase of a preconditioning protocol, if individuals ________ then it can be concluded that an association between S1 and S2 was ________ in the preexposure phase.

Accepted Answer

A)  fail to respond to S2; learned 
B)  respond to S2 like they have learned to respond to S1; learned 
C)  fail to respond to S1; learned 
D)  respond to S2 like they have learned to respond to S1; suppressed 
A)  fail to respond to S2; learned 
B)  respond to S2 like they have learned to respond to S1; learned 
C)  fail to respond to S1; learned 
D)  respond to S2 like they have learned to respond to S1; suppressed

Question 20

In the context of the study of memory across the lifespan, potentiation occurs when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the duration of the memory is increased because the stimulus used is more salient 
B)  compared to a weak stimulus presented alone, learning of a weaker stimulus is improved when it is presented alongside a stronger (more salient) stimulus 
C)  the duration of the memory is increased because the stimulus used is delivered by the mother and not by an unknown operator 
D)  compared to a strong stimulus presented alone, learning of a stronger stimulus is improved when it is presented alongside a weaker stimulus 
A)  the duration of the memory is increased because the stimulus used is more salient 
B)  compared to a weak stimulus presented alone, learning of a weaker stimulus is improved when it is presented alongside a stronger (more salient) stimulus 
C)  the duration of the memory is increased because the stimulus used is delivered by the mother and not by an unknown operator 
D)  compared to a strong stimulus presented alone, learning of a stronger stimulus is improved when it is presented alongside a weaker stimulus

The ecological model of memory development is ________.

The results from sensory-preconditioning (SPC), potentiation, paired-comparison, and associative-chain experiments show that ________.

What characterizes memory as we age? Explain in detail.

One method for studying memory in fetuses is exposure learning. In this method, a fetus is exposed to a stimulus and ________.

The paired-comparison task is ________.

The work of DeCasper and Fifer (1980) and DeCasper and Spence (1986) suggests that infants ________.

The results from six tests administered by Finn et al. (2016) show that children perform worse than adults on tests of but perform the same as adults on tests of .

In the debate about pros and cons of the different models of memory development, the neuroanatomical changes in the that take place during the first year in life seem to impede infants in their ability to form long-lasting .

What physiological changes occur in the brain as people age?

Using the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm, two-month-old infants are able to remember the connection between the ribbon and the novel stimulus for about ________.

Most research on infant memory has involved children who are at least because infants who are this age or older have than younger infants.

Imitation paradigms have shown that ________.

Peter Hepper asked a group of pregnant women to eat garlic while pregnant, while another group was asked not to eat garlic. When tested 20 hours after birth, ________.

Associative-chain paradigms test to see whether an individual will form an association between two stimuli ________.

What is potentiation in the context of memory development and why does it occur?

What is sensory preconditioning and what do sensory preconditioning experiments reveal about memory development?

According to the neuroanatomical model of memory development, the early-maturing system mediates ________ .

According to Jackson (1884), ________.

In the transfer phase of a preconditioning protocol, if individuals then it can be concluded that an association between S1 and S2 was in the preexposure phase.

In the context of the study of memory across the lifespan, potentiation occurs when ________.

The Study of Memory

Sensory Persistence and Information Persistence

Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Explicit and Implicit Memory

Episodic Memory and Autobiographical Memory

Generic Memory

Forgetting

Memory and Our Social Selves

Memory and the Law

Memory and the Marketplace

Memory, the Body, and Health

Exceptional Memory, Mnemonics, and Expertise

Filters

Exam 9: Memory Across the Lifespan

The ecological model of memory development is ________.

The results from sensory-preconditioning (SPC), potentiation, paired-comparison, and associative-chain experiments show that ________.

What characterizes memory as we age? Explain in detail.

One method for studying memory in fetuses is exposure learning. In this method, a fetus is exposed to a stimulus and ________.

The paired-comparison task is ________.

The work of DeCasper and Fifer (1980) and DeCasper and Spence (1986) suggests that infants ________.

The results from six tests administered by Finn et al. (2016) show that children perform worse than adults on tests of ________ but perform the same as adults on tests of ________.

In the debate about pros and cons of the different models of memory development, the neuroanatomical changes in the ________ that take place during the first year in life seem to impede infants in their ability to form long-lasting ________.

What physiological changes occur in the brain as people age?

Using the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm, two-month-old infants are able to remember the connection between the ribbon and the novel stimulus for about ________.

Most research on infant memory has involved children who are at least ________ because infants who are this age or older have ________ than younger infants.

Imitation paradigms have shown that ________.

Peter Hepper asked a group of pregnant women to eat garlic while pregnant, while another group was asked not to eat garlic. When tested 20 hours after birth, ________.

Associative-chain paradigms test to see whether an individual will form an association between two stimuli ________.

What is potentiation in the context of memory development and why does it occur?

What is sensory preconditioning and what do sensory preconditioning experiments reveal about memory development?

According to the neuroanatomical model of memory development, the early-maturing system mediates ________ .

According to Jackson (1884), ________.

In the transfer phase of a preconditioning protocol, if individuals ________ then it can be concluded that an association between S1 and S2 was ________ in the preexposure phase.

In the context of the study of memory across the lifespan, potentiation occurs when ________.

The Study of Memory

Sensory Persistence and Information Persistence

Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Explicit and Implicit Memory

Episodic Memory and Autobiographical Memory

Generic Memory

Forgetting

Memory and Our Social Selves

Memory and the Law

Memory and the Marketplace

Memory, the Body, and Health

Exceptional Memory, Mnemonics, and Expertise

Filters

The results from six tests administered by Finn et al. (2016) show that children perform worse than adults on tests of but perform the same as adults on tests of .

In the debate about pros and cons of the different models of memory development, the neuroanatomical changes in the that take place during the first year in life seem to impede infants in their ability to form long-lasting .

Most research on infant memory has involved children who are at least because infants who are this age or older have than younger infants.

In the transfer phase of a preconditioning protocol, if individuals then it can be concluded that an association between S1 and S2 was in the preexposure phase.