Exam 17: Metagenomes: Genome Analysis of Communities

α-diversity refers to diversity within a sample and β-diversity refers to diversity between samples.

Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria are very highly abundant in sea water. Why was Prochlorococcus not discovered until the 1980s? Please select all that apply.

Different communities of organisms tend to exhibit different biochemical capacities.

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning -Interaction between species

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning -Required for survival

Match each of the Five Great Ideas of Biology with the corresponding aspects of metagenomics. -Species identification using rRNA sequencing

Match each of the Five Great Ideas of Biology with the corresponding aspects of metagenomics. -Organisms in a community are nutritionally co-dependent

Researchers determine species diversity in a sample by examining DNA sequences and assigning organisms to bins according to sequence similarity. What name is used for the binned groups?

Experiments with marine samples containing Prochlorococcus and other microorganisms showed that gene expression in non-photosynthetic organisms mirrored the diurnal oscillation pattern exhibited by Prochlorococcus, which is photosynthetic. What explanations did the researchers suggest for the diurnal expression pattern in the non-photosynthetic members of the community? Please select all that apply.

Which of the following characteristics are true of the human gut microbiome? Please select all that apply.

Researchers analyzed the gut bacteria in obese and non-obese mice and found that the bacterial populations differed. Transplanting gut bacteria from obese mice into the non-obese mice resulted in the non-obese mice gaining weight. What do these results show? Please select all that apply.

Match each of the Five Great Ideas of Biology with the corresponding aspects of metagenomics. -Identification of individual organisms in a microbiome

Match the missing words in the following phrase. Bacterial and archaeal species are difficult to define because the [A] definition of production of viable offspring by sexual reproduction does not apply to asexual organisms. [B] is very common among bacteria and archaea, which further confuses the species concept. Some ways that researchers have used to classify [C] species are: definition based on morphological and biochemical similarity, DNA [D] capacity, frequency of natural DNA [E], and DNA [F] within a defined range.

Different Prochlorococcus ecotypes cannot be distinguished using rRNA sequencing.

What do congruent phylogenies suggest?

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning -Both species benefit from the partnership

Researchers used a metagenomic approach to assess the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in the human microbiome. Which experimental step allowed the researchers to obtain only the gene sequences of interest?

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning -This is not exhibited in the ant-fungus relationship

Match the missing words in the following phrase. The majority of species considered in metagenomics are [A], including bacteria, [B], and microscopic [C] organisms. An ecosystem comprising these organisms is called a [D].

Match the missing words in the following phrase. The Red Queen Hypothesis suggests that the rate at which [A] mutations emerge in a [B] is higher if a parasite is exposed to a [C] that is [D] rather than one that is [E].