Exam 12: Racialized Youth Crime and Justice in Canada

Even though the public perceptions about immigrants in the Western countries demonstrate that people are often afraid of immigrants because they perceive that certain ethnic minority immigrants engage in criminal behaviours, what does the research consistently show us?

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Question 1

Correct Answer:

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The available research has consistently shown that foreign-born are less likely to engage in crime (Katz, Fox, and White 2011; Bersani, Loughran, and Piquero 2014; Sohoni and Sohoni 2014; Vaughn, Salas-Wright, DeLisi, and Maynard 2014; Ferraro 2016; Ghandnoosh and Rovner 2017). In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported significantly lower rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents. The reported crime rates of Canadian born youth of immigrant parents were not much different from those of native-born population. The findings of Wortley and Tanner's (2006) study on 3,393 high school students in Toronto also reported that foreign-born youth were less likely to report involvement in delinquent activities and gang membership compared to Canadian born youth.

From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were ________.

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Question 2

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It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly ________ per cent of Canada's total population

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Question 3

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In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported significantly higher rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.

(True/False)

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Question 4

An analysis of data from the Edmonton Police Service found that, between 2012 and 2016, Indigenous Edmontonian males were ________ times more likely to be street checked than white people.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 5

What are the main objectives and contributions of the RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project?

(Essay)

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Question 6

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as which of the following?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 7

Discuss what is meant by police legitimacy.

(Essay)

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Question 8

Which model/hypothesis below contends that it is both differential involvement and differential treatment that produce racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes, with involvement potentially being more important at the earlier stages of the criminal justice process and selection impacting later processing?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 9

Compare and contrast the traditional and non-traditional risk factors for gang involvement among racialized youth.

(Essay)

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Question 10

In the absence of nationwide data on gang membership, Canadian research on gangs is characterized by small-scale case studies.

(True/False)

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Question 11

According to the _________ hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because of the actions of the police, including aggressive policing of high-crime neighbourhoods that also have large minority populations, and the targeting of certain crimes contributes to excessive police-citizen contacts, especially for Blacks.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 12

At the national level, the information on the ethnic composition of gangs relies on the findings of the 2002 Police Survey on Youth Gangs. What were the findings?

(Essay)

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Question 13

Montreal has the highest visible minority population as a percent of the overall population in Canada.

(True/False)

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Question 14

Unlike their parents, second-generation youth have no language barriers; however, their challenges are no different from their parents when it comes to employment and discrimination due to their ethnicity, religion, and skin colour.

(True/False)

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Question 15

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian.

(True/False)

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Question 16

Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for traditional at-risk youth.

(Essay)

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Question 17

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 55,000 to 70,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees

(True/False)

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Question 18

In his analysis of the experiences of young black men involved in a gang intervention-prevention project in Toronto, Owusu-Bempah (2014) found that approximately ________ per cent of those surveyed believed that police often used violent or unfair methods to obtain information.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 19

The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the bias model.

(True/False)

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Question 20

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Even though the public perceptions about immigrants in the Western countries demonstrate that people are often afraid of immigrants because they perceive that certain ethnic minority immigrants engage in criminal behaviours, what does the research consistently show us?

From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were ________.

It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly ________ per cent of Canada's total population

In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported significantly higher rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.

An analysis of data from the Edmonton Police Service found that, between 2012 and 2016, Indigenous Edmontonian males were ________ times more likely to be street checked than white people.

What are the main objectives and contributions of the RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project?

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as which of the following?

Discuss what is meant by police legitimacy.

Compare and contrast the traditional and non-traditional risk factors for gang involvement among racialized youth.

In the absence of nationwide data on gang membership, Canadian research on gangs is characterized by small-scale case studies.

At the national level, the information on the ethnic composition of gangs relies on the findings of the 2002 Police Survey on Youth Gangs. What were the findings?

Montreal has the highest visible minority population as a percent of the overall population in Canada.

Unlike their parents, second-generation youth have no language barriers; however, their challenges are no different from their parents when it comes to employment and discrimination due to their ethnicity, religion, and skin colour.

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian.

Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for traditional at-risk youth.

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 55,000 to 70,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees

In his analysis of the experiences of young black men involved in a gang intervention-prevention project in Toronto, Owusu-Bempah (2014) found that approximately ________ per cent of those surveyed believed that police often used violent or unfair methods to obtain information.

The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the bias model.

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