Question 1

The term fallacy of the mean refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  drawing ratio-level conclusions from mean scores that were obtained at a lower level of measurement. 
B)  implicitly assuming that the mean group score on a variable is characteristic of all members of the group. 
C)  concluding that a statistically significant omnibus F-test for a 3-condition experiment means that each group mean is different from each of the other two means. 
D)  using means to describe the results of a study when it would have been more appropriate to use medians. 
A)  drawing ratio-level conclusions from mean scores that were obtained at a lower level of measurement. 
B)  implicitly assuming that the mean group score on a variable is characteristic of all members of the group. 
C)  concluding that a statistically significant omnibus F-test for a 3-condition experiment means that each group mean is different from each of the other two means. 
D)  using means to describe the results of a study when it would have been more appropriate to use medians.

Question 2

According to the logical positivist viewpoint, scientific knowledge

Accepted Answer

A)  is an unattainable ideal; we can never really "know" anything. 
B)  consists of a set of interpretations of data, so that different people can make different interpretations of the same data. 
C)  consists of a set of absolute facts that, once discovered, remain unchanged and unchangeable. 
D)  can be either absolute or a matter of interpretation depending on the research methods used to collect the data. 
A)  is an unattainable ideal; we can never really "know" anything. 
B)  consists of a set of interpretations of data, so that different people can make different interpretations of the same data. 
C)  consists of a set of absolute facts that, once discovered, remain unchanged and unchangeable. 
D)  can be either absolute or a matter of interpretation depending on the research methods used to collect the data.

Question 3

You have measured your participants' level of introversion and extroversion and your statistical results show that extroverts talk more in class than do introverts. What conclusions can you draw about the causal nature of or this relationship? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

The statistical results showing that ext

Question 4

________ is belief that because something has a biological basis, it is natural and unchangeable.

Accepted Answer

A)  The naturalistic fallacy 
B)  The fallacy of the mean 
C)  Foundationalism 
D)  Structuralism 
A)  The naturalistic fallacy 
B)  The fallacy of the mean 
C)  Foundationalism 
D)  Structuralism

Question 5

Distinguish between interpreting results descriptively and interpreting them evaluatively. Which is more problematic? Why?

Accepted Answer

Interpreting results descriptively invol

Question 6

Assume you have found a significant relationship between your independent variable and your dependent variable. Explain why the conclusions drawn would differ depending on whether your dependent variable was measured an interval level or a ratio level.

Accepted Answer

The conclusions drawn from a significant

Question 7

Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors. How does one determine the probability of making each type of error?

Accepted Answer

Type I and Type II errors are concepts i

Question 8

Inferential statistics are used to help the researcher

Accepted Answer

A)  describe the results of a study in qualitative terms. 
B)  describe the size of the effect that the independent variable had on the dependent variable. 
C)  determine the degree of practical significance of the results. 
D)  decide if what appears to be a statistical relationship was likely due to chance. 
A)  describe the results of a study in qualitative terms. 
B)  describe the size of the effect that the independent variable had on the dependent variable. 
C)  determine the degree of practical significance of the results. 
D)  decide if what appears to be a statistical relationship was likely due to chance.

Question 9

Describe three of the criticisms that have been made of null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST). Why does NHST continued to be used despite these criticisms?

Accepted Answer

Three criticisms of null hypothesis stat

Question 10

You conduct an experiment and get the following means, with F(2, 48) = 11.56, p < .001: Condition A = 5.8, Condition B = 2.6, and Condition C = 2.8. Based on this information, you can correctly conclude that

Accepted Answer

A)  all three means are significantly different from one another. 
B)  Condition A differs significantly from Conditions B and C. 
C)  none of the conditions differ from any of the others. 
D)  none of the above: you need additional information before drawing any conclusions about differences between means. 
A)  all three means are significantly different from one another. 
B)  Condition A differs significantly from Conditions B and C. 
C)  none of the conditions differ from any of the others. 
D)  none of the above: you need additional information before drawing any conclusions about differences between means.

Question 11

Distinguish between statistical significance and practical significance. Why is each important to the inference process?

Accepted Answer

Statistical significance and practical s

Question 12

Using valid and reliable measures, a researcher finds that men score higher than women on self-esteem. The researcher concludes that women are deficient in self-esteem and suggests interventions to correct the problem. The researcher's conclusions

Accepted Answer

A)  are reasonable given the data. 
B)  inappropriately use men's scores as the standard for what constitutes a desirable level of self-esteem. 
C)  represent a Type II error. 
D)  are based on the fallacy of the mean. 
A)  are reasonable given the data. 
B)  inappropriately use men's scores as the standard for what constitutes a desirable level of self-esteem. 
C)  represent a Type II error. 
D)  are based on the fallacy of the mean.

Question 13

The term effect size refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  strength of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. 
B)  theoretical importance of the results of a study. 
C)  practical importance of the results of a study. 
D)  degree of statistical power of a study. 
A)  strength of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. 
B)  theoretical importance of the results of a study. 
C)  practical importance of the results of a study. 
D)  degree of statistical power of a study.

Question 14

What is the fallacy of the mean? Why might it result in incorrect inferences about your statistical results?

Accepted Answer

The fallacy of the mean, also known as t

Question 15

Researchers might test the null hypothesis as a way to

Accepted Answer

A)  rule out an alternative explanation for the effect of an independent variable. 
B)  assess the discriminant validity of a measure. 
C)  test the theoretical proposition that there is no relationship between two variables. 
D)  do any of the above. 
A)  rule out an alternative explanation for the effect of an independent variable. 
B)  assess the discriminant validity of a measure. 
C)  test the theoretical proposition that there is no relationship between two variables. 
D)  do any of the above.

Question 16

According to the social constructionist viewpoint, scientific knowledge

Accepted Answer

A)  consists of a set of absolute facts that, once discovered, remain unchanged and unchangeable. 
B)  consists of a set of interpretations of data, so that different people can make different interpretations of the same data. 
C)  can be either absolute or a matter of interpretation depending on the research methods used to collect the data. 
D)  is an unattainable ideal; we can never really "know" anything. 
A)  consists of a set of absolute facts that, once discovered, remain unchanged and unchangeable. 
B)  consists of a set of interpretations of data, so that different people can make different interpretations of the same data. 
C)  can be either absolute or a matter of interpretation depending on the research methods used to collect the data. 
D)  is an unattainable ideal; we can never really "know" anything.

Question 17

According to your text, the validity of the entire chain of inference rests on conducting the correct statistical analysis. Explain why this is true.

Accepted Answer

The validity of the entire chain of infe

Question 18

Explain why it is important to search for alternative explanations for the effects found in your research.

Accepted Answer

It is important to search for alternativ

Question 19

The value of the overall F-test in the analysis of variance is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  effect size. 
B)  post-hoc test. 
C)  omnibus test. 
D)  zero order test. 
A)  effect size. 
B)  post-hoc test. 
C)  omnibus test. 
D)  zero order test.

Question 20

Briefly explain the process of comparing the relationship a researcher observes in the data to the relationship predicted by the study's hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The process of comparing the relationshi

The term fallacy of the mean refers to

According to the logical positivist viewpoint, scientific knowledge

You have measured your participants' level of introversion and extroversion and your statistical results show that extroverts talk more in class than do introverts. What conclusions can you draw about the causal nature of or this relationship? Explain your answer.

________ is belief that because something has a biological basis, it is natural and unchangeable.

Distinguish between interpreting results descriptively and interpreting them evaluatively. Which is more problematic? Why?

Assume you have found a significant relationship between your independent variable and your dependent variable. Explain why the conclusions drawn would differ depending on whether your dependent variable was measured an interval level or a ratio level.

Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors. How does one determine the probability of making each type of error?

Inferential statistics are used to help the researcher

Describe three of the criticisms that have been made of null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST). Why does NHST continued to be used despite these criticisms?

You conduct an experiment and get the following means, with F(2, 48) = 11.56, p < .001: Condition A = 5.8, Condition B = 2.6, and Condition C = 2.8. Based on this information, you can correctly conclude that

Distinguish between statistical significance and practical significance. Why is each important to the inference process?

Using valid and reliable measures, a researcher finds that men score higher than women on self-esteem. The researcher concludes that women are deficient in self-esteem and suggests interventions to correct the problem. The researcher's conclusions

The term effect size refers to the

What is the fallacy of the mean? Why might it result in incorrect inferences about your statistical results?

Researchers might test the null hypothesis as a way to

According to the social constructionist viewpoint, scientific knowledge

According to your text, the validity of the entire chain of inference rests on conducting the correct statistical analysis. Explain why this is true.

Explain why it is important to search for alternative explanations for the effects found in your research.

The value of the overall F-test in the analysis of variance is called a(n)

Briefly explain the process of comparing the relationship a researcher observes in the data to the relationship predicted by the study's hypothesis.

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

True Experiments

Field Research

Correlational Designs

Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Literature Reviewing

Filters

Exam 18: Interpreting Research Results

The term fallacy of the mean refers to

According to the logical positivist viewpoint, scientific knowledge

You have measured your participants' level of introversion and extroversion and your statistical results show that extroverts talk more in class than do introverts. What conclusions can you draw about the causal nature of or this relationship? Explain your answer.

________ is belief that because something has a biological basis, it is natural and unchangeable.

Distinguish between interpreting results descriptively and interpreting them evaluatively. Which is more problematic? Why?

Assume you have found a significant relationship between your independent variable and your dependent variable. Explain why the conclusions drawn would differ depending on whether your dependent variable was measured an interval level or a ratio level.

Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors. How does one determine the probability of making each type of error?

Inferential statistics are used to help the researcher

Describe three of the criticisms that have been made of null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST). Why does NHST continued to be used despite these criticisms?

You conduct an experiment and get the following means, with F(2, 48) = 11.56, p < .001: Condition A = 5.8, Condition B = 2.6, and Condition C = 2.8. Based on this information, you can correctly conclude that

Distinguish between statistical significance and practical significance. Why is each important to the inference process?

Using valid and reliable measures, a researcher finds that men score higher than women on self-esteem. The researcher concludes that women are deficient in self-esteem and suggests interventions to correct the problem. The researcher's conclusions

The term effect size refers to the

What is the fallacy of the mean? Why might it result in incorrect inferences about your statistical results?

Researchers might test the null hypothesis as a way to

According to the social constructionist viewpoint, scientific knowledge

According to your text, the validity of the entire chain of inference rests on conducting the correct statistical analysis. Explain why this is true.

Explain why it is important to search for alternative explanations for the effects found in your research.

The value of the overall F-test in the analysis of variance is called a(n)

Briefly explain the process of comparing the relationship a researcher observes in the data to the relationship predicted by the study's hypothesis.

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

True Experiments

Field Research

Correlational Designs

Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Literature Reviewing

Filters