Question 1

In a nonequivalent control group design, which of the following occurs when the personal characteristics of the participants are confounded with the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  a history effect 
B)  biased selection 
C)  regression to the mean 
D)  low external validity 
A)  a history effect 
B)  biased selection 
C)  regression to the mean 
D)  low external validity

Question 2

In a nonequivalent control group design, matching people in the experimental and control group on their pretest scores

Accepted Answer

A)  increases external validity. 
B)  eliminates the possibility that scores will regress to the mean. 
C)  works similarly to matching to condition in a true experiment. 
D)  does none of the above 
A)  increases external validity. 
B)  eliminates the possibility that scores will regress to the mean. 
C)  works similarly to matching to condition in a true experiment. 
D)  does none of the above

Question 3

A ________ is a set of categories used to classify message content, along with rules for applying those categories

Accepted Answer

A)  unit of analysis 
B)  coding scheme 
C)  content map 
D)  coding unit 
A)  unit of analysis 
B)  coding scheme 
C)  content map 
D)  coding unit

Question 4

A _______ coding scheme uses a few high-level categories to categorize all behaviors in a situation.

Accepted Answer

A)  narrow 
B)  latent 
C)  broad 
D)  manifest 
A)  narrow 
B)  latent 
C)  broad 
D)  manifest

Question 5

Explain the problem of selection bias in a non-equivalent control group design.

Accepted Answer

Selection bias in a non-equivalent contr

Question 6

In a nonequivalent control group design, an analysis of covariance

Accepted Answer

A)  removes the effects of all pre-existing group differences. 
B)  indicates what the posttest means would look like if known pre-test differences between groups are removed. 
C)  has lower power than an analysis of variance design. 
D)  is the appropriate statistic for studies that use a matching procedure. 
A)  removes the effects of all pre-existing group differences. 
B)  indicates what the posttest means would look like if known pre-test differences between groups are removed. 
C)  has lower power than an analysis of variance design. 
D)  is the appropriate statistic for studies that use a matching procedure.

Question 7

Describe a study that uses a non-equivalent control group design. Be sure to explain how a high-quality control group would be selected.

Accepted Answer

A study that uses a non-equivalent contr

Question 8

What are focal local controls and why are they used?

Accepted Answer

Focal local controls refer to mechanisms

Question 9

Which of the following statements about problems in naturalistic observation studies is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proper training of observers will eliminate any chance that cognitive bias will affect the results. 
B)  Observers may interpret events in ways that confirm what they already believe about the situation being observed. 
C)  Deception is generally not used in naturalistic observation because reactivity is rarely an issue. 
D)  Although participant observers must be careful about influencing the research setting, they do not need to be concerned about the setting's effect on themselves. 
A)  Proper training of observers will eliminate any chance that cognitive bias will affect the results. 
B)  Observers may interpret events in ways that confirm what they already believe about the situation being observed. 
C)  Deception is generally not used in naturalistic observation because reactivity is rarely an issue. 
D)  Although participant observers must be careful about influencing the research setting, they do not need to be concerned about the setting's effect on themselves.

Question 10

Describe how reactivity might operate in a naturalistic observation study. How can this reactivity be reduced?

Accepted Answer

Reactivity in a naturalistic observation

Question 11

The most important consideration in choosing a setting for a field experiment is the

Accepted Answer

A)  relevance of the setting to the hypothesis being tested. 
B)  ease of gaining access to the setting. 
C)  extent to which the experimenter can control the events that take place in and around the setting. 
D)  extent to which the experimenter can control who participates in the study. 
A)  relevance of the setting to the hypothesis being tested. 
B)  ease of gaining access to the setting. 
C)  extent to which the experimenter can control the events that take place in and around the setting. 
D)  extent to which the experimenter can control who participates in the study.

Question 12

A researcher working for the National Zoo took part in randomly chosen tours and pretended to be just another visitor. The researcher covertly noted the real visitors' reactions to the tours. The researcher was conducting a(n) ________ study.

Accepted Answer

A)  complete participant observation 
B)  quasi-participant 
C)  participant as observer 
D)  nonparticipant observation 
A)  complete participant observation 
B)  quasi-participant 
C)  participant as observer 
D)  nonparticipant observation

Question 13

Dr. McCormick trained preschool teachers to keep diaries of the children's behavior; they made their recordings at the end of the day. When reviewing the coding, she found that the teachers were mainly recording the preschoolers' gender-role congruent behaviors. Which type of bias was likely operating?

Accepted Answer

A)  latency 
B)  reactivity 
C)  point of view 
D)  reconstructive memory 
A)  latency 
B)  reactivity 
C)  point of view 
D)  reconstructive memory

Question 14

Naturalistic observation studies can be classified based on where they fall on two dimensions. Those dimensions are

Accepted Answer

A)  whether observers take part in the events and whether observers conceal their identities. 
B)  the type of strategy (street theater or accosting) observers use to manipulate the independent variable and whether observers conceal their identities. 
C)  whether observers take part in the events and the amount of time observers spend collecting data. 
D)  the amount of time observers spend collecting data and whether observers conceal their identities 
A)  whether observers take part in the events and whether observers conceal their identities. 
B)  the type of strategy (street theater or accosting) observers use to manipulate the independent variable and whether observers conceal their identities. 
C)  whether observers take part in the events and the amount of time observers spend collecting data. 
D)  the amount of time observers spend collecting data and whether observers conceal their identities

Question 15

What is a patched-up quasi-experiment? Why would a researcher use this design?

Accepted Answer

A patched-up quasi-experiment is a resea

Question 16

In an interrupted time-series quasi-experimental design, researchers

Accepted Answer

A)  choose two existing groups of people, one of which is randomly assigned to the experimental group and the other to the control group. 
B)  observe a dependent variable over extended periods of time both before and after a treatment is instituted to detect changes associated with the treatment. 
C)  select a control group after data have been collected to control for holes in the internal validity of a natural or quasi experiment 
D)  add a pretest to determine whether there are preexisting differences between the experimental and the control group. 
A)  choose two existing groups of people, one of which is randomly assigned to the experimental group and the other to the control group. 
B)  observe a dependent variable over extended periods of time both before and after a treatment is instituted to detect changes associated with the treatment. 
C)  select a control group after data have been collected to control for holes in the internal validity of a natural or quasi experiment 
D)  add a pretest to determine whether there are preexisting differences between the experimental and the control group.

Question 17

A researcher working for the National Zoo sat on benches near the monkey house and recorded the gender, age (in terms of adult or child), and apparent ethnic group membership of people who stopped to look at the exhibit. She also recorded amount of time they spent there. The researcher was conducting a(n) ________ study.

Accepted Answer

A)  complete participant observation 
B)  observer as participant 
C)  participant as observer 
D)  nonparticipant observation 
A)  complete participant observation 
B)  observer as participant 
C)  participant as observer 
D)  nonparticipant observation

Question 18

The simplest nonequivalent control group design has

Accepted Answer

A)  one between subjects factor. 
B)  two between subjects factors 
C)  two within subjects factors. 
D)  one between subjects factor and one within subjects factor. 
A)  one between subjects factor. 
B)  two between subjects factors 
C)  two within subjects factors. 
D)  one between subjects factor and one within subjects factor.

Question 19

Focal local controls are used to ensure that members of the control group and members of the treatment group

Accepted Answer

A)  come from the same location. 
B)  share important personal characteristics. 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b 
A)  come from the same location. 
B)  share important personal characteristics. 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b

Question 20

All of the following are examples of latent content EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  The trainer was frustrated by the dog's inability to comply with the command "sit." 
B)  The dog's owner was angry with the trainer. 
C)  The dog's owner looked at the dog during the training session. 
D)  The dog was afraid of the trainer. 
A)  The trainer was frustrated by the dog's inability to comply with the command "sit." 
B)  The dog's owner was angry with the trainer. 
C)  The dog's owner looked at the dog during the training session. 
D)  The dog was afraid of the trainer.

In a nonequivalent control group design, which of the following occurs when the personal characteristics of the participants are confounded with the independent variable?

In a nonequivalent control group design, matching people in the experimental and control group on their pretest scores

A ________ is a set of categories used to classify message content, along with rules for applying those categories

A _______ coding scheme uses a few high-level categories to categorize all behaviors in a situation.

Explain the problem of selection bias in a non-equivalent control group design.

In a nonequivalent control group design, an analysis of covariance

Describe a study that uses a non-equivalent control group design. Be sure to explain how a high-quality control group would be selected.

What are focal local controls and why are they used?

Which of the following statements about problems in naturalistic observation studies is TRUE?

Describe how reactivity might operate in a naturalistic observation study. How can this reactivity be reduced?

The most important consideration in choosing a setting for a field experiment is the

A researcher working for the National Zoo took part in randomly chosen tours and pretended to be just another visitor. The researcher covertly noted the real visitors' reactions to the tours. The researcher was conducting a(n) ________ study.

Naturalistic observation studies can be classified based on where they fall on two dimensions. Those dimensions are

What is a patched-up quasi-experiment? Why would a researcher use this design?

In an interrupted time-series quasi-experimental design, researchers

The simplest nonequivalent control group design has

Focal local controls are used to ensure that members of the control group and members of the treatment group

All of the following are examples of latent content EXCEPT:

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

True Experiments

Correlational Designs

Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Interpreting Research Results

Literature Reviewing

Filters

Exam 10: Field Research

In a nonequivalent control group design, which of the following occurs when the personal characteristics of the participants are confounded with the independent variable?

In a nonequivalent control group design, matching people in the experimental and control group on their pretest scores

A ________ is a set of categories used to classify message content, along with rules for applying those categories

A _______ coding scheme uses a few high-level categories to categorize all behaviors in a situation.

Explain the problem of selection bias in a non-equivalent control group design.

In a nonequivalent control group design, an analysis of covariance

Describe a study that uses a non-equivalent control group design. Be sure to explain how a high-quality control group would be selected.

What are focal local controls and why are they used?

Which of the following statements about problems in naturalistic observation studies is TRUE?

Describe how reactivity might operate in a naturalistic observation study. How can this reactivity be reduced?

The most important consideration in choosing a setting for a field experiment is the

A researcher working for the National Zoo took part in randomly chosen tours and pretended to be just another visitor. The researcher covertly noted the real visitors' reactions to the tours. The researcher was conducting a(n) ________ study.

Naturalistic observation studies can be classified based on where they fall on two dimensions. Those dimensions are

What is a patched-up quasi-experiment? Why would a researcher use this design?

In an interrupted time-series quasi-experimental design, researchers

The simplest nonequivalent control group design has

Focal local controls are used to ensure that members of the control group and members of the treatment group

All of the following are examples of latent content EXCEPT:

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

True Experiments

Correlational Designs

Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Interpreting Research Results

Literature Reviewing

Filters