Exam 26: Reproduction and Development

Describe the development of reproductive organs in a fetus of each sex.Which genes, gene products, and hormones are involved in the sex differences? Which sex-related hormones are circulating in high concentrations in a pregnant woman compared to a nonpregnant woman? Do these hormones cross the placenta (if you are uncertain, consider hormone chemical class relative to membrane permeability to make an educated guess)? Assuming these hormones do cross the placenta, how do they affect the hormonal environment inside the fetus, and how does this relate to fetal reproductive development?

Bipotential gonads develop into testes under the influence of

Match the ploidy with a cell stage. -mature sperm or egg

Sally is an avid jogger and she trains incessantly.She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue.You would expect Sally to

Match the ploidy with a cell stage. -secondary spermatocyte or oocyte

Which of the following hormones is used as in indicator of polycystic ovary syndrome?

The hormone primarily responsible for milk synthesis is

Out of which structure is an oocyte released during ovulation?

In some cultures, infant boys are circumcised.Explain what circumcision is and why there is support for as well as opposition to the procedure.

Erectile dysfunction can be an early indicator of

Identify the False statement.

Match the bipotential structure with its sex-specific result. -epididymis

Create a flow chart illustrating the development of bipotential reproductive structures in an XY individual and an XX individual, indicating the stimuli for development or regression of the structures.Add to this chart the changes that occur at puberty and their stimuli.Finally, indicate the points on the chart at which anomalies associated with the following conditions occur: A.testicular feminization or androgen insensitivity (XY genotype, permanent female external morphology with internal testes and androgen production but faulty androgen receptors); B.male pseudohermaphrodites (XY genotype and external female morphology with internal testes, and masculinization occurring at puberty); C.congenital adrenal hyperplasia (XX genotype with normal female internal organs, masculinized external organs observed at birth); D.sexual development is similar in nonhuman mammals, but there are some interesting pathologies not seen in humans.A freemartin occurs in cattle twins, with one male and one female.The male is normal but the XX female is sterile, born masculinized, and has testicular tissue.Explain the most likely cause of this masculinized phenotype, and indicate on your chart the point or points at which something abnormal occurred.

For most of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, the level of progesterone secretion is ________ the level of estrogen secretion.

List the components of the uterus, including the layers of the wall.Briefly explain the function of each.

The enzyme responsible for converting androgens to estrogens is

Match the cells/tissue with the hormone it secretes. -testosterone

Hormone replacement therapy is often used to treat symptoms of menopause.Typically, estrogen and progesterone are used rather than GnRH, FSH, and LH.Can you explain why?

To avoid down-regulation of GnRH receptors, GnRH is secreted

Explain why observations of basal body temperature are useful for couples who want to get pregnant, but are only of limited use for couples who are trying to avoid getting pregnant.