Exam 8: Learning

Learning occurs when information moves from ________.

Identify a true statement about primary reinforcers.

Catalina ate a candy bar and then went on a fast-moving ride in an amusement park. She was sick to her stomach after the ride and now, Catalina cannot eat candy bars, because they make her nauseous. In this learned association, the candy bar serves as a(n) ________ to Catalina.

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"-a form of peer acceptance-as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ________ for their smoking behavior.

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following terms is defined as an object or a situation that when presented alone does not lead to an automatic (or unconditioned) response?

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, salivation is a ________, an automatic response to a particular stimulus (food) that requires no learning.

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following terms is defined as the natural, automatic, inborn, and involuntary reaction to a stimulus?

An ________ is the process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them in our minds.

In the 1950s John Garcia and his colleagues wondered whether the rats had developed a taste aversion for the food and water they had consumed while they received radiation. Which of the following statements is true as per this research conducted by John Garcia?

When he was a kid, Samuel was once mugged in a dark alley near his house. Even as an adult, whenever he walks in a dark alley, his palms start to sweat and his heart races. He feels nervous and scared. Samuel's behavior is an example of ________.

Janet's father gave her a dollar when she received an A in her English test. She studied hard for her next English test because she wanted her father to give her another dollar. In this scenario, the money serves as a(n) ________.

When Geeta was a child, her mother used to use a particular incense stick. 20 years later, when she went to her friend's house, she caught a whiff of the same incense stick and started thinking of her own home and her mother. Geeta's behavior is an example of ________.

Tony was overweight. So, he decided to go to the gym. Initially, he saw no results, but as he felt extremely good after exercising, he continued hitting the gym. After a few months of regular exercise, he lost a tremendous amount of weight and felt good about his body. This motivated him to keep exercising. Which of the following best explains Tony's activities?

Mike, a ten-year-old, sees his father smoking a cigarette while talking on the phone. Later that day, Mike takes out a cigarette from his father's bag and pretends to smoke it while talking on the phone. Mike's behavior is an example of ________.

As per the criteria laid out by Pavlov, in which of the following instances is stimulus-response conditioning between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) LEAST likely to occur?

________ is a sensory process by which organisms adapt to constant stimulation.

What effect does modeling and rewards have on learned aggressive behavior?

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior-how people become smokers in the first place-is perhaps best explained by ________.

Edward Tolman's work on latent learning shows that ________.

Janice is a physical instructor at a school. She gives chocolates to students every time they perform well in athletics because she notices that giving chocolates to students encourages them to perform better. This is an example of ________.