Exam 8: Learning

Danny is fond of gambling and enjoys playing at the slot machine at the local casino. He is excited every time he wins a significant amount of money. So, although he does not win each time he plays, the hope of winning a larger amount at the next turn motivates him to go on playing. This behavior is most likely a result of ________.

Ronny was once stranded in an elevator all by himself because of a power outage. It was nearly 10 hours before a rescue team came and got him out of the elevator. After this incident, Ronny had a panic attack whenever he got into an elevator. Several months later, the attacks stopped and Ronny could comfortably get into elevators. Then, one day, he had an unexpected panic attack again as he got into an elevator in his office building. This scenario exemplifies ________.

Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ________.

Which of the following terms refers to an environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response?

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory?

To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that ________.

What is an essential characteristic of learning?

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ________.

When we stop using learned information, the ________ that support our knowledge weaken and ultimately degrade-and we forget what we once knew.

Which of the following statements is true regarding association?

If a sports car is always shown in commercials with sexy, attractive individuals, then it becomes linked in memory with something that is inherently desirable. The car itself becomes a(n) ________ reinforcer because of its association with sex.

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?

Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect?

Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning?

When Rose enters her grandparent's home, there is always a distinct scent of incense sticks. After staying a little while inside the house, however, she no longer notices the smells at all. This scenario is an example of ________.

Raymond learns how to properly fold and neatly arrange his clothes by watching his mother do it. This is an example of ________.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ________.

When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ________.

________ is a sensory process in which the muscles of the iris contract in response to low illumination levels.

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ________.