Exam 8: Learning

Which of these statements is most likely to be made by psychologist B. F. Skinner?

Who coined the term 'operant' to refer to behavior that acts-or operates-on the environment to produce specific consequences?

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis?

Some people continue smoking cigarettes because it reduces stress, social isolation, and appetite. From a learning perspective, these reductions can be considered as ________.

Natalie is a kindergarten teacher. She gives a candy to the students who successfully complete their activities in class. This ensures that her students pay attention to what is being taught in class. Natalie's act of giving students a candy or a toy for paying attention in class is an example of ________.

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth?

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of ________.

In operant conditioning, ________ occurs when a behavior stops being reinforced.

________ provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning.

Jason teaches his nine-year-old brother, Kevin, how to cook an egg. The next day, Kevin successfully cooks an egg. This scenario exemplifies ________.

Spanking a child for repeatedly breaking glass showpieces is a form of ________.

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the secondary reinforcer?

Christina, an eight-year-old, watches her father switch on the music system and listen to music using headphones. The next day, she switches on the music system, puts on the headphones, and starts listening to music. According to Albert Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ________.

A factory pays its employees on Wednesdays, and on Thursdays employee productivity seems to be a little slow. The productivity gradually increases over the week and reaches its peak on Wednesday. This is an example of which of the following types of schedules?

Maya, an employee at a marine mammal park, has to teach a dolphin to swim through a hoop. First, Maya rewards the dolphin for swimming and coming near the hoop. Next, she rewards the dolphin for touching the hoop. Then, she rewards the dolphin for sticking his nose through the middle of the hoop. Finally, Maya rewards the dolphin for swimming through the hoop. Psychologists would term this process as ________.

An argument can be made that habituation is not a form of learning, because ________.

William is trying to quit drinking alcohol. His therapist advises him to reward himself by going for a new movie every time he successfully resists alcohol. In this scenario, the therapist is using a ________ technique to help William quit drinking alcohol.

What did B. F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?

As a child, Carmen was once bitten by a friend's dog. Thereafter, she developed an intense phobia of dogs and refused to go near any dog. In an effort to treat Carmen's phobia, a psychologist gradually exposed her to dogs. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences with dogs, Carmen overcame her phobia. This scenario exemplifies ________.