Exam 3: Learning and Memory

Memories of products are often replaced (forgotten) as we learn additional information. This displacement of information is called ________.

Samantha is passing down the cereal aisle when she spots a box of Life cereal featuring "Mikey" on box front. She remembers the taste of the cereal and how much fun she had talking to "Mikey" while she ate her cereal as a kid. She buys a box and leaves the cereal aisle without examining any other cereal products. What aspect of the retrieval process did Samantha use in her product search process?

Sam Bolton hums the Purina Cat Chow jingle as he drives down the expressway. A thought suddenly occurs to Sam: "Why am I humming this stupid jingle? I don't buy this stuff. In fact, I don't even have a cat." Sam knows this jingle through ________.

An important factor in instrumental (operant) conditioning is the set of rules by which appropriate reinforcements are given for a behavior. The chapter discusses four possible schedules of reinforcement. Briefly describe each schedule and give a short example. Be sure to use the proper terminology for each schedule.

Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his professor attempt to explain the "black box" process and its connection with learning. He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls and his mouth begins to water. He looks around and sees a student in the last row bite into a big, juicy roll. "I wish I were sitting next to him," Frank thinks, "because I know I could steal a bite." What Frank just went through in class was similar to the "black box" process being described by his professor. This process is most closely associated with which of the following learning methods?

A sales manager pays a bonus to new trainees when they develop a good sales prospectus. Later, after the trainees have completed two months of training, the manger pays a bonus only for an actual sale. The manager is applying what process of instrumental conditioning to help the trainees be productive in their sales careers?

Another name for instrumental conditioning is ________ conditioning.

People have a tendency to more effectively remember ads that are unusual than ads that are not. Why? What is this phenomenon called?

Consumers' attraction to slot machines can be explained by the variable-ratio reinforcement schedule the machines use.

________ refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that is caused by experience.

According to the definition of learning, how could a researcher ever show that cognitive learning had taken place in a subject?

________ memory permits temporary storage of information we receive from our senses.

The process of stimulus generalization is often central to branding and packaging decisions that attempt to capitalize on consumers' positive associations with an existing brand or company name. In this context, list and briefly discuss the four strategies based on stimulus generalization presented in the text.

A woman no longer receives compliments on the perfume that she wears. In learning terms, the stimulus-response connection has weakened. Which of the following processes best explains what has occurred in the example?

Within a knowledge structure, which of the following is the LEAST complex knowledge unit?

What is the capacity of short-term memory? Comment and explain.

Marketers assist in the process called elaborative rehearsal when they use catchy slogans or jingles to help consumers remember information about products or services.

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

The spacing effect describes the tendency for consumers to more effectively recall printed material when the advertiser repeats the target item repeatedly in a short time period rather than periodically over a longer time span.

Define the terms learning and incidental learning.