Exam 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

The following questions refer to the information below. A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity. Species Percentage Chimpanzee 99.7 Orangutan 98.6 Baboon 97.2 Rhesus Monkey 96.9 Rabbit 93.7 -The lakes of northern Minnesota are home to many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma that have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about 10,000 years ago. Sequencing which of the following would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species?

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2. -Shared derived characters are most likely to be found in taxa that are

The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\text { \%/ Sequence Homology }$ Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100\% 100\% 100\% 100\% B 98\% 99\% 82\% 96\% C 98\% 99\% 89\% 96\% 99\% 99\% 92\% 97\% 98\% 99\% 80\% 94\% -What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?

The correct sequence, from the most to the least comprehensive, of the taxonomic levels listed here is

The following questions refer to the information below. A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity. Species Percentage Chimpanzee 99.7 Orangutan 98.6 Baboon 97.2 Rhesus Monkey 96.9 Rabbit 93.7 -Which of these items does not necessarily exist in a simple linear relationship with the number of gene-duplication events when placed as the label on the vertical axis of the graph below?

The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\text { \%/ Sequence Homology }$ Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100\% 100\% 100\% 100\% B 98\% 99\% 82\% 96\% C 98\% 99\% 89\% 96\% 99\% 99\% 92\% 97\% 98\% 99\% 80\% 94\% -Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in

Use Figure 26.1 to answer the following questions. Figure 26.1 -Which species are extinct?

The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem)reptiles, which almost certainly possessed 3-chambered hearts (2 atria, 1 ventricle). Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having 4-chambered hearts (2 atria, 2 ventricles). The 4-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as

The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\text { \%/ Sequence Homology }$ Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100\% 100\% 100\% 100\% B 98\% 99\% 82\% 96\% C 98\% 99\% 89\% 96\% 99\% 99\% 92\% 97\% 98\% 99\% 80\% 94\% -The human nuclear genome includes hundreds of genes that are orthologs of bacterial genes, and hundreds of other genes that are orthologs of archaean genes. This finding can be explained by proposing that

If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?

The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\text { \%/ Sequence Homology }$ Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100\% 100\% 100\% 100\% B 98\% 99\% 82\% 96\% C 98\% 99\% 89\% 96\% 99\% 99\% 92\% 97\% 98\% 99\% 80\% 94\% -Which of these is the best explanation for the high degree of sequence homology observed in Exon I among these five species?

The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2. -If birds are excluded from the class Reptilia, the term that consequently describes the class Reptilia is

The following questions refer to the information below. A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity. Species Percentage Chimpanzee 99.7 Orangutan 98.6 Baboon 97.2 Rhesus Monkey 96.9 Rabbit 93.7 -Typically, mutations that modify the active site of an enzyme are more likely to be harmful than mutations that affect other parts of the enzyme. A hypothetical enzyme consists of four domains (A-D), and the amino acid sequences of these four domains have been determined in five related species. Given the proportion of amino acid homologies among the five species at each of the four domains, which domain probably contains the active site? Percent age of Homologous Domain Amino Acids A 32\% B 8\% C 78\% D 45\%

The relative lengths of the amphibian and mouse branches in the phylogeny in Figure 26.12 in your textbook indicate that

The following questions refer to the information below. A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity. Species Percentage Chimpanzee 99.7 Orangutan 98.6 Baboon 97.2 Rhesus Monkey 96.9 Rabbit 93.7 -What conclusion can be drawn validly from these data?

The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\text { \%/ Sequence Homology }$ Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100\% 100\% 100\% 100\% B 98\% 99\% 82\% 96\% C 98\% 99\% 89\% 96\% 99\% 99\% 92\% 97\% 98\% 99\% 80\% 94\% -Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient proteobacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?

The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\text { \%/ Sequence Homology }$ Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100\% 100\% 100\% 100\% B 98\% 99\% 82\% 96\% C 98\% 99\% 89\% 96\% 99\% 99\% 92\% 97\% 98\% 99\% 80\% 94\% -Based on the tabular data, and assuming that time advances vertically, which cladogram (a type of phylogenetic tree)is the most likely depiction of the evolutionary relationships among these five species?

Neutral theory proposes that

The common housefly belongs to all of the following taxa. Assuming you had access to textbooks or other scientific literature, knowing which of the following should provide you with the most specific information about the common housefly?