Question 1

Which statement about the domain Archaea is False?

Accepted Answer

A) Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archean species. 
B) Some archaeans can reduce CO₂ to methane. 
C) The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. 
D) Some archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt. 
E) Some archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point. 
A) Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archean species. 
B) Some archaeans can reduce CO₂ to methane. 
C) The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. 
D) Some archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt. 
E) Some archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point.

Question 2

The following questions refer to Figure 27.1 below, which is the same as Figure 27.10 in the textbook.
In this 8-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population.
   
Figure 27.1
-Which term is least closely associated with the others?

Accepted Answer

A) Hfr cells making use of a sex pilus 
B) rolling circle replication 
C) the "toilet paper" model of replication 
D) conjugation involving an F factor 
E) recombination involving a bacteriophage 
A) Hfr cells making use of a sex pilus 
B) rolling circle replication 
C) the "toilet paper" model of replication 
D) conjugation involving an F factor 
E) recombination involving a bacteriophage

Question 3

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
1) composition of the cell wall
2) presence of plasma membrane
3) lack of a nuclear envelope
4) identical rRNA sequences

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 3 only 
C) 1 and 3 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 2 and 4 
A) 1 only 
B) 3 only 
C) 1 and 3 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 2 and 4

Question 4

Match the numbered terms to the descriptions that follow. For each item, choose all appropriate terms, but only appropriate terms.
1. autotroph
2. heterotroph
3. phototroph
4. chemotroph
-an organism that obtains its energy from chemicals

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 2 only 
C) 3 only 
D) 4 only 
E) 1 and 4 
A) 1 only 
B) 2 only 
C) 3 only 
D) 4 only 
E) 1 and 4

Question 5

Which of the following use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from CO₂?

Accepted Answer

A) photoautotrophs 
B) photoheterotrophs 
C) chemoautotrophs 
D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition 
E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs 
A) photoautotrophs 
B) photoheterotrophs 
C) chemoautotrophs 
D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition 
E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

Question 6

Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O₂ occurs in

Accepted Answer

A) cyanobacteria. 
B) chlamydias. 
C) archaea. 
D) actinomycetes. 
E) chemoautotrophic bacteria. 
A) cyanobacteria. 
B) chlamydias. 
C) archaea. 
D) actinomycetes. 
E) chemoautotrophic bacteria.

Question 7

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foodstuffs with a high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment

Accepted Answer

A) undergo death by plasmolysis. 
B) are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death. 
C) undergo death by lysis. 
D) are obligate anaerobes. 
E) are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials. 
A) undergo death by plasmolysis. 
B) are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death. 
C) undergo death by lysis. 
D) are obligate anaerobes. 
E) are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials.

Question 8

The following questions refer to Figure 27.1 below, which is the same as Figure 27.10 in the textbook.
In this 8-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population.
   
Figure 27.1
-If the vertical axis of Figure 27.1 refers to "Darwinian fitness," then which of these is the most valid and accurate measure of fitness?

Accepted Answer

A) number of daughter cells produced per mother cell per generation 
B) amount of ATP generated per cell per unit time 
C) average swimming speed of cells through the growth medium 
D) amount of glucose synthesized per unit time 
E) number of generations per unit time 
A) number of daughter cells produced per mother cell per generation 
B) amount of ATP generated per cell per unit time 
C) average swimming speed of cells through the growth medium 
D) amount of glucose synthesized per unit time 
E) number of generations per unit time

Question 9

The typical prokaryotic flagellum features

Accepted Answer

A) an internal 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules. 
B) an external covering provided by the plasma membrane. 
C) a complex "motor" embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane. 
D) a basal body that is similar in structure to the cell's centrioles. 
A) an internal 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules. 
B) an external covering provided by the plasma membrane. 
C) a complex "motor" embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane. 
D) a basal body that is similar in structure to the cell's centrioles.

Question 10

Match the numbered terms to the descriptions that follow. For each item, choose all appropriate terms, but only appropriate terms.
1. autotroph
2. heterotroph
3. phototroph
4. chemotroph
-a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 4 only 
C) 1 and 3 
D) 2 and 4 
E) 1, 3, and 4 
A) 1 only 
B) 4 only 
C) 1 and 3 
D) 2 and 4 
E) 1, 3, and 4

Question 11

Cyanobacteria are

Accepted Answer

A) photoautotrophs. 
B) photoheterotrophs. 
C) chemoautotrophs. 
D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition. 
E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs. 
A) photoautotrophs. 
B) photoheterotrophs. 
C) chemoautotrophs. 
D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition. 
E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs.

Question 12

Given that the enzymes that catalyze nitrogen fixation are inhibited by oxygen, what are two "strategies" that nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes might use to protect these enzymes from oxygen?
1) couple them with photosystem II (the photosystem that splits water molecules)
2) package them in membranes that are impermeable to all gases
3) be obligate anaerobes
4) be strict aerobes
5) package these enzymes in specialized cells or compartments that inhibit oxygen entry

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 4 
B) 2 and 4 
C) 2 and 5 
D) 3 and 4 
E) 3 and 5 
A) 1 and 4 
B) 2 and 4 
C) 2 and 5 
D) 3 and 4 
E) 3 and 5

Question 13

What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A) parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseases 
B) breaking down organic matter 
C) metabolizing materials in extreme environments 
D) adding methane to the atmosphere 
E) serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments 
A) parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseases 
B) breaking down organic matter 
C) metabolizing materials in extreme environments 
D) adding methane to the atmosphere 
E) serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

Question 14

A fish that had been salt-cured subsequently develops a reddish color. You suspect that the fish has been contaminated by the extreme halophile, Halobacterium. Which of these features of cells removed from the surface of the fish, if confirmed, would support your suspicion?
1) the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria
2) cell walls that lack peptidoglycan
3) cells that are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish
4) its cells contain bacteriorhodopsin
5) the presence of very large numbers of ion pumps in its plasma membrane

Accepted Answer

A) 2 and 5 
B) 3 and 4 
C) 1, 4, and 5 
D) 3, 4, and 5 
E) 2, 3, 4, and 5 
A) 2 and 5 
B) 3 and 4 
C) 1, 4, and 5 
D) 3, 4, and 5 
E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

Question 15

Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material. 
B) Their genetic material is confined within a nuclear envelope. 
C) They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis. 
D) The persistence of bacteria throughout evolutionary time is due to their genetic homogeneity (i.e., sameness). 
E) Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, nor should it occur, because of their asexual mode of reproduction. 
A) Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material. 
B) Their genetic material is confined within a nuclear envelope. 
C) They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis. 
D) The persistence of bacteria throughout evolutionary time is due to their genetic homogeneity (i.e., sameness). 
E) Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, nor should it occur, because of their asexual mode of reproduction.

Question 16

Which prokaryotic group is mismatched with its members?

Accepted Answer

A) Proteobacteria diverse gram-negative bacteria 
B) Gram-positive bacteria symbionts in legume root nodules 
C) Spirochetes helical heterotrophs 
D) Chlamydias intracellular parasites 
E) Cyanobacteria solitary and colonial photoautotrophs 
A) Proteobacteria diverse gram-negative bacteria 
B) Gram-positive bacteria symbionts in legume root nodules 
C) Spirochetes helical heterotrophs 
D) Chlamydias intracellular parasites 
E) Cyanobacteria solitary and colonial photoautotrophs

Question 17

Many physicians administer antibiotics to patients at the first sign of any disease symptoms. Why can this practice cause more problems for these patients, and for others not yet infected?

Accepted Answer

A) The antibiotic administered may kill viruses that had been keeping the bacteria in check. 
B) Antibiotics may cause other side effects in patients. 
C) Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. 
D) Particular patients may be allergic to the antibiotic. 
E) Antibiotics may interfere with the ability to identify the bacteria present. 
A) The antibiotic administered may kill viruses that had been keeping the bacteria in check. 
B) Antibiotics may cause other side effects in patients. 
C) Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. 
D) Particular patients may be allergic to the antibiotic. 
E) Antibiotics may interfere with the ability to identify the bacteria present.

Question 18

The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell.
-If this structure connects the cytoplasm of two bacteria, one of these cells may gain new genetic material:

Accepted Answer

A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) flagellum 
D) cell wall 
E) capsule 
A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) flagellum 
D) cell wall 
E) capsule

Question 19

Which statement about bacterial cell walls is False?

Accepted Answer

A) Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls. 
B) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments. 
C) Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions. 
D) Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and plants. 
E) Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment. 
A) Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls. 
B) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments. 
C) Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions. 
D) Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and plants. 
E) Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment.

Question 20

The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell.
-Which of the following requires ATP to function, and permits some species to respond to taxes (plural of taxis)?

Accepted Answer

A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) flagellum 
D) cell wall 
E) capsule 
A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) flagellum 
D) cell wall 
E) capsule

Exam 27: Bacteria and Archaea

Which statement about the domain Archaea is False?

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? 1) composition of the cell wall 2) presence of plasma membrane 3) lack of a nuclear envelope 4) identical rRNA sequences

Match the numbered terms to the descriptions that follow. For each item, choose all appropriate terms, but only appropriate terms. 1. autotroph 2. heterotroph 3. phototroph 4. chemotroph -an organism that obtains its energy from chemicals

Which of the following use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from CO₂?

Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O₂ occurs in

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foodstuffs with a high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment

The typical prokaryotic flagellum features

Match the numbered terms to the descriptions that follow. For each item, choose all appropriate terms, but only appropriate terms. 1. autotroph 2. heterotroph 3. phototroph 4. chemotroph -a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms

Cyanobacteria are

What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct?

Which prokaryotic group is mismatched with its members?

Many physicians administer antibiotics to patients at the first sign of any disease symptoms. Why can this practice cause more problems for these patients, and for others not yet infected?

The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell. -If this structure connects the cytoplasm of two bacteria, one of these cells may gain new genetic material:

Which statement about bacterial cell walls is False?

The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell. -Which of the following requires ATP to function, and permits some species to respond to taxes (plural of taxis)?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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