Exam 6: Deviance and Crime

Define different types of crime and explain current trends in terms of gender, race, and class in regard to which groups are more likely to be victimized and the extent to which different groups are represented in crime statistics.

Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them through ___________.

Discuss the impact of political crime on social control in a society.

Which of these statements is not part of Durkheim's perspective on deviance?​

Metropolitan areas have the highest percentage of minority and women police officers.

According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

A __________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death.

Functionalists and conflict theorists are in agreement that social norms and criminal law are directed primarily at protecting the interests of the powerful in a society.

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance?​

Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.

Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of __________ in determining the likelihood of deviant behavior.

The __________ argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.

Differential association explains________________________________.

__________ refers to the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.

__________ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family.

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

Outline the principle elements of Merton's strain theory of deviance.

In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v. Georgia) that the death penalty __________.

In the postmodern theory of Michel Foucault, the Panoptican refers to__________.

__________ consists of FBI-related scams, identity theft and advance fee fraud among other things.