Exam 6: Deviance and Crime

__________ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and involves force or the threat of force against others.

In the early twentieth century drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of __________.

__________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

Although there is no single feminist perspective on deviance and crime, three schools of thought have emerged, including the___________________________.

Explain why sociologist Emile Durkheim believed that deviance was functional for society.

According to Cloward and Ohlin, __________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities.

The sociological term for the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is __________.

Criminologists use the term __________ to refer to the greater number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses.

__________ crimes are often referred to as "victimless crimes" because they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.

Explain the major components of social control theory and Hirschi's social bonding theory.

Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.

__________ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Members of __________ seek to acquire a "rep" (reputation) by fighting over "turf" (territory) and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities.

Critics and supporters of Hirschi's control theory agree that there is a correlation between weak social bonds and engaging in deviant behavior.

Sometimes people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them; Merton termed this __________.

People are more likely to report crime when they believe that something can be done about it (for example, apprehension of the perpetrator or retrieval of their property).

Sociologists find that there are similarities between gangs and high school cliques.